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FAQs
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How easy is it to turn nouns into verbs (or otherwise change a word's part of speech) in the languages you speak?
I speak two languages: English and Japanese.The word that describes turning nouns into verbs in English is declension. The easiest way to declense a noun in English is to add “to” to the beginning of it. For example, party → to party. Then, you just treat it as a regular verb with standard conjugation.Party: to party, partied, parties, will party, has partied, etc..Knife (meaning “to stab with a knife”): to knife, knifed, knifes, will knife, etc..Declension is a pretty rudimentary skill in English—anyone can do it, I believe. However, Japanese is much more fascinating.In Japanese, there is an entire verb class dedicated to declension called group III verbs, or する (suru) verbs. する (suru) is the Japanese verb for “to do” in English. In Japanese, there is a class of nouns called “action” nouns, or -する (-suru) nouns. To declense a -する (-suru) noun, all you have to do is add する (suru) to it. From there, you can conjugate it to whatever tense/form you need.Examples:勉強 (べんきょう, benkyou): Study/studies (as in, scholarly study, Japanese studies, etc.)勉強する (benkyou suru): To study or I/you/he/she/etc. studies (informal)勉強します (benkyou shimasu): To study or I/you/he/she/etc. studies (formal)勉強しない/しません (benkyou shinai/shimasen): I/you/he/she/etc. doesn’t study (informal/formal)勉強できる/できます (benkyou dekiru/dekimasu): Can study (informal/formal)And so on.If you have a noun in Japanese and you want to make it into a verb, there’s a really high chance that all you have to do is add a conjugation of -する onto it and you’ll have the verb you need.Furthermore, there are many nouns to which there are related verbs.Examples:諦め (akirame): resignation/quitting; 諦める (akirameru): to resign/quit光 (hikari): light; 光る (hikaru): to shine/glow笑い (warai): laughter; 笑う (warau): to laugh数 (kazu): a number; 数える (kazoeru): to count答 (kotae): an answer; 答える (kotaeru): to answer痛み (itami): pain; 痛む (itamu): to ache, to feel painAnd so on.All in all, I find Japanese declension really interesting, and once I started learning the language, this one rule expanded my Japanese reservoir of verbs to easily twice or three times its size. To anyone learning Japanese, this will be one of the most, if not the most important grammar rules past the very basics.
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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What is the best way to e-mail a resume?
One job seeking experience is not by any means going to make me an expert. However, I sent 16 e-mails to boutique consulting firms in Vancouver, 8 of them responded offering a conversation, and 3 of them led to internship offers. I shared my method with my friend, who used my template and got her job offer within a week as well. I got plenty of praise for my professionalism and effort to get to know the company and industry, so this is more than worth a tryA key benefit of cold e-mailing is that you have an invaluable window to create your own job position. With this in mind, don’t make your potential employer have to figure out a job position that they were not planning to hire for. Align yourself to their values and propose projects that could be mutually beneficial. I created a Powerpoint presentation showing potential employers what my objectives are for the summer and what I can do to add value to the business. Rather than a text-heavy cover letter, showing them visually through a slide deck implied that I was willing to take more time to make their decision less effort.To expand on this train of thought, and to satisfy those who came for a job seeker’s checklist, here are my key takeaways. Though they might not all apply to your next job hunt, I hope that they will help in some way1. Research and talk to people about what common problems are for firms in the industryOne of my friends worked in a boutique consulting firm last summer, she was able to give me clear insights on the problems that firms face. These problems formed the basis of my presentation.2. Structure your value proposition around their problemsJust because someone is a professional doesn’t mean your ideas can’t be better than their’s. Show them that you have ideas for how to improve their business before you’re even there.3. Keep the e-mail brief and to the pointHere’s mine4. Ask meaningful questionsYou might’ve read somewhere that asking someone “so how did you get in the industry” is effective. Vanessa Van Edwards in her podcast 5 Secrets of a Successful Ted Talks begs to differ. Ask questions targeted towards research that you’ve done about them. Questions that I’ve asked include “How has your education at [institutes] impacted where you took your career” and “In [blog post or publication], you mentioned [an idea]. In my experience, [my views], so how did you come to the conclusion that you made?”.Was doing all of this a lot of work? Yes, but it’s less daunting than you think. I had one presentation template that I tweaked slightly for each firm, my resume, and an infrastructure paper I had written for school on hand. At the end of the day, the pay-off was worth it. Would you rather pan for gold for a year for a few flecks, or invest more initially in time and resources to dig into rich reserves? That’s what it felt like switching to cold e-mailing after dozens of fruitless job applications.Click here to download my template where you can create your own Powerpoint presentation to send to potential employers. I hope this will help you find your next ideal job.
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How is the ICSE essay checked?
1.Teachers try to find out the key points in the essay and accordingly marks are allotted.2.Write the essay on the subject matter which the question is asking for instead of deviating from it.3. Do not repeat the same sentences again and again because it may create a wrong impression on the person who is checking your paper.4. Write quotation and highlight them.5. Provide examples if required.6. Teachers look for content and valid point suiting the essay so write the essay accordingly instead of writing 6-7 pages.7. Make less grammatical errors.8. First sketch the point of the essay and then prepare the essay.9. Do not try to copy essay from essay books.10. Write essay which is simple and understandable.11.Make your essay distinct from other candidates.12. Relate it with the current scenario, if required.13. Try to keep yourself aware of current affairs as it can majorly help you in english language exam.14. Practice essay from last ten years it will help you a lot and who knows you may get similar essay to write.15. Read good book of various genre this will help you in increasing your knowledge on various topics and in turn write a good essay for example: biography of some good personality.16. Give mock test which are conducted and get it checked through experts who have vast experience of teaching as they are well aware of marking scheme.17. Practice all type of essay covered in the syllabus so it will help you in the better selection of essay to be attempted.18. You can also prepare your own essay question seeing the current affairs and write on it and get it checked by teachers.19. Revise your essay once you complete your language paper.Suggestions are always welcomed so some more valuable points can be added.Study smart.Good luck.
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What are the various types of alcoholic beverages in the world?
The highest-level categories are fermented beverages like beer and wine, and distilled beverages, like liquor. The former are made by allowing yeasts (a type of fungus) to consume sugars and excrete alcohols. There is a theoretical upper bound to the concentration of alcohol that can be produced by this process, since the yeast cannot survive in alcohol and will eventually drown in its own excrement. (Lovely image, right?) In order to produce beverages above, let's say, 15% alcohol by volume, it's necessary to distill some of the water off of a fermented beverage.Of course, after the actual alcohol has been produced, it's possible to mix things together and add additional flavorings. There is a hybrid category of fortified wines, for instance, which are blends of fermented and distilled beverages. Gin is made by producing a distilled liquor, somewhat similar to vodka, and then infusing it with herbs. Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugars to distilled liquors.Fermented BeveragesIn order to carry out fermentation, we need to feed some kind of carbohydrates to the yeasts. The choice of carbohydrates determines a great deal about the final product.Beers are produced by fermenting grains -- usually barley, but also wheat, corn, millet, or rice. (The Japanese drink sake, while usually described as "rice wine," is essentially a beer made from rice instead of barley.)Pictured: Hops, a flower added to beer before fermentation to impart a bitter taste.For more on beer:What are the characteristics of the major types of beer?How many different types of craft beer brands exist in the US?What's a simple, one-sentence breakdown of the difference between an ale and a lager?Wines are produced by fermenting fruits; generally, the word "wine" alone means "grape wine," while other wines will be referred to by the name of the fruit -- e.g. "plum wine," "blackberry wine," etc. [1] Grape wines come in two main types, red or white, depending on the type of grape used and whether the skin is left on. Given that more has been written about these kinds of wines than all other beverages put together, I'll refrain from going into detail about this subject.Pictured: Amarone, a wine made from raisins.For more on (traditional, grape-based) wines:What are the differences between different types of red wines?What is the best way for a beginner to learn the basics about wine?These are the two most common types of fermented beverages, but there are other types of high-carbohydrate foods that can be fermented. Mead is made by fermenting honey. It was very popular in Western Europe hundreds of years ago, then fell from favor for a long time, but is currently enjoying something of a resurgence. Milk, too, can be fermented, although there is to my knowledge no common English word for this category of beverage; it's generally called something like koumiss in the local languages where it's drunk. Some tree and plant saps can be fermented as well; again, I don't know of an English word for the category, but pulque is the most prominent example.Pictured: Pulque, a drink made by fermenting the sap of the Maguey agave plant.Distilled beveragesWe can produce higher-alcohol beverages by distilling fermented alcohols. (Distillation is the chemical name for any process that separates particular chemicals out of a mixture. In this case, we're removing water from a mixture of alcohol and water, resulting in a higher alcohol concentration). There are different kinds of distillation processes, and they do matter, but I'll skip over them for the most part here.Usually, you do not just drink these right after distilling them -- they'll often be aged in casks made of specific types of wood (where they pull flavor from the wood), or have additional flavors added to them after fermentation. [2]One example is brandy (short for brandywine, meaning "burnt wine"), which is made by distilling wine. Again, there are all kinds of fruits, so there are all kinds of brandies; the word "brandy" alone usually refers to brandies made from (grape) wine which have been aged in casks. Cognac and Armagnac are two types of this sort of brandy. Unaged brandies may be known as eau de vie ( "water of life" in French), generally together with the name of the fruit, e.g. "eau de vie de framboise" would be an unaged raspberry brandy. Other notable brandies include Pisco, an unaged grape brandy from South America; Calvados, a French apple brandy aged in oak casks; Kirschwasser, an unaged brandy made from cherries without the pits removed; and Grappa, an unaged brandy from Italy made from grapes with their skins and stems left intact.Pictured: Poire William, a pear-based eau de vie. (The pear inside the bottle is primarily decorative.)Whiskey, (or sometimes whisky), on the other hand, is essentially distilled beer, though the sort of "beer" you distill to make whiskey is a bit different from the sort of beer you would normally drink; for instance, it doesn't contain hops (a flower added to beer to give it a bitter flavor). Common types of cask-aged whiskey include Scotch (malted barley), Irish whiskey (malted barley or grain), Bourbon (corn), Rye (rye), Canadian whiskey (rye), and Tennessee whiskey (corn). [3] Of course, these styles come down to more than just the grains used. For instance, Islay Scotches -- my favorite of all alcoholic beverages -- use malt dried over a peat fire, which gives them a unique smoky taste that's not present in other whiskies, and Tennessee whiskies (of which there are exactly two, namely Jack Daniel's and George Dickel) are put through a charcoal mellowing process. The most common unaged whiskey is Corn Whiskey. I personally do not recommend drinking this.Pictured: A peat stack, used to dry and flavor the malt used in the type of Scotch whisky made on Islay and the outer Hebrides.Let's pause for a brief tangent about styles of whiskey. Scotch will tend to have the most complex flavors and less sweetness than other styles of whisky. There are different regions of Scotland that make different styles of whiskey. Islay (and the rest of the Hebrides), as mentioned above, make smoky-tasting malts. Highlands and Speysides seem to be a bit more beginner-friendly.For the longest time, rye was pretty much the official whiskey of America. George Washington made his own at Mount Vernon. It's sharper and less cloying than bourbon. The Manhattan cocktail (whiskey, red vermouth, and bitters) would have originally been made with rye. Prohibition changed all that by giving America a good sock right in the sophistication. Coming out, we preferred sweeter and less subtle drinks like bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, which pretty much took rye out of the running. Fortunately, it has been seeing something of a resurgence recently.Pictured: Rye.More on whiskey:What are the differences between scotch, bourbon, and Tennessee whiskies?What is the difference between whisky and whiskey?Rum is a liquor distilled from fermented sugarcane byproducts. [4] The word "rum" alone usually refers to liquors made from molasses, which is a by-product of extracting sugar from sugarcane. It can be cask-aged for varying amounts of time, resulting in light rums and dark rums. Some types of rum, like Cachaça and Rhum Agricole, are instead made from sugarcane juice. (Some people might just use "rum" to denote molasses liquors, and put the sugarcane juice liquors in their own category.)Pictured: A Caipirinha -- the national drink of Brazil -- which is a cocktail of Cachaça, sugar, and lime. A stick of sugarcane (for decoration or stirring) is visible in the glass.Tequila is a liquor distilled from fermented agave hearts. (Agave is a plant in the same family as the asparagus and the yucca.) Like rum it can be aged for different amounts of time. The tequila you normally see is made from the blue agave plant; Mezcal is a tequila made from the Maguey agave.Pictured: A blue agave plant.Neutral spirits are a bit different. This term refers to alcohol produced by any method in such a way that any residual flavor is removed and the result is simply pure alcohol and water, or as close as can be efficiently achieved without undue burden. Neutral spirits can be used as the base for a liqueur. Some cheap gins and vodkas are also made from neutral spirits.Vodka is traditionally made by distilling fermented potato juice. However, due to its neutral flavor, the term is also used nowadays for neutral spirits or similar products. Gin is made by adding juniper berries to neutral spirits, running some kind of "re-distillation" process that I don't even pretend to understand, and then infusing with various herbs and botanicals.Chinese liquor, or "baijiu" in Chinese, technically belongs to the whiskey family, as it's made by distilling fermented sorghum. (Sorghum is a type of grain grown in China.) Most westerners are not used to the flavor of sorghum, and when I've taken my white friends to Chinese bars in SF they often aren't able to stomach these, but I've developed a taste for at least some of them. This is a very wide category, but I don't know anywhere near enough about it to do it justice. The ones I've tried are Erguotou, an inexpensive, clear liquor, and Maotai, which is what they serve the President of the United States at formal dinners when he visits China. [5]Pictured: Maotai, a sorghum-based liquor of the "sauce-fragrance" type.Hybrids: Liqueurs, fortified wines, etc.The beverages above get their flavor primarily or even exclusively from the process by which the alcohol was produced. When they do have additional flavors, they're usually in some sense a byproduct of the process used. Hops are added to beer prior to fermentation, for instance; similarly, while casked liquors do pull a considerable amount of flavor from their casks, the aging is actually required for other reasons as well.There are many classes of alcoholic beverages, however, which do not get their signature flavors primarily from the process which produces the alcohol, or which contain several types of alcohol made by different processes giving a composite flavor. This is a very broad category and spans some of the best and worst kinds of beverage.The oldest beverage of this type is probably fortified wine, which is made by mixing wine and liquor, possibly with additional herbs or spices infused. Originally the liquor was added as a preservative, but the style has now evolved to the point that certain fortified wines are among the most valuable wines out there. There are a few important types. Desert wines like Port, Sherry, Madeira, and Marsala are barrel aged and fortified with brandy. Vermouth is fortified with neutral grape spirits and infused with herbs and botanicals. (Sugar is often added as well.) Vermouth is extremely important in cocktails, being integral to the Martini and the Manhattan, which are two of the oldest and best cocktails.Another important class of beverage are flavored spirits. These are made by infusing various flavors into neutral spirits (or, rarely, into other liquors). Unlike liqueurs, flavored spirits do not have added sugar or juices. Gin is probably the most important; it's made by adding juniper berries and other herbs and botanicals to neutral spirits. (Gin is short for Genever / Jennifer / Guinevere, a name derived from the Juniper plant.) Absinthe, too, was among the most important flavored spirits in its heyday, when it was roughly as popular in Paris as Coca-Cola in the U.S. today. It's made by infusing neutral spirits with anise and a number of herbals and botanicals, including grand wormwood (artemisia absinthium) from which it takes its name. Absinthe was for a long time banned in much of the world after a campaign that associated what were in retrospect effects of severe alcoholism with the wormwood in absinthe. It's now known that drinking absinthe is perfectly safe, and the drink is once again available on store shelves and in bars. [6] Pictured: a grand wormwood plant, used in flavoring absinthe.Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugar to neutral spirit base (or, rarely, another liquor.) This is an absolutely huge category in and of itself, comprising both the relatively obvious choices like creme de menthe (mint), creme de cacao (chocolate), coffee liqueur, amaretto (bitter almond and/or apricot kernel liqueur), raspberry liqueur, and so forth, as well as aperitif and digestif bitters such as Italian amaros, Campari , Cynar, Fernet, and Suze.Pictured: Suze, a type of bitters predominantly featuring the flavor of the gentian flower. My favorite liqueur of all.SummaryAs mentioned in Naomi P Saphra's answer , this is not a clear-cut question since there are piles of categories and subcategories, and it's not clear where to draw the lines. As a consolation prize, here's a picture of part of the tree discussed above which may also function as a handy reference.Fermented beveragesBeerAlesPale alesBrown alesBelgian-style alesLagersMalt beveragesSakeWineGrape winesRed wineWhite wineRose wineSparkling wineStraw wineIce wineNon-grape winesApple ciderPerryCountry winesMeadFermented milk beveragesFermented sap beveragesDistilled beveragesBrandyCasked grape brandiesEaux de vieWhiskeyCasked whiskeyScotchSingle-malt ScotchIslayHighlandSpeysideCampbelltownBlended ScotchIrish whiskyBourbonRyeTennessee whiskeyCanadian whiskyUncasked whiskeyCorn whiskeyUncasked ryeBaijiuLight fragranceHeavy fragranceSauce fragranceRumMolasses rumsSugarcane juice rumsTequilaBlue agave tequilaMezcalNeutral Spirits(Some) vodkaHybridsLiqueursCordialsFruit liqueursNut liqueursAmarettoCoffee liqueursAnise-flavored liqueursAnisetteGallianoSambucaDrambuieAperitif / Digestif Bitters (may overlap other categories)Amer PiconAvernaAmaro MontenegroCampariCynarFernet BrancaSuzeUnicumHerbal liqueursBénédictineChartreuseJägermeisterKümmelMetaxaStregaFortified winesDesert WinesPortSherryMadeiraMarsalaVermouth and friendsRed vermouthWhite vermouthLilletPunt e mes"Bum wines"Flavored spiritsGin and Genever"X-flavored Y"Coconut rumFlavored vodkasAnise-flavored liquorsAbsintheArakOuzoAkvavitResinated wines[1] "Beer" and "wine" have technical meanings, but they're not always used in this sense. In particular, since beer tends to have lower alcohol content than wine (say ~6% versus ~10% by volume), sometimes wines with low alcohol contents will be referred to as beers or vice-versa. For instance, barley wine is a type of beer with exceptionally high alcohol content, while apple cider is often considered like a beer despite essentially being a sparkling wine.[2] You can also age liquors for a short time in non-reactive containers, say glass or steel, in which case they go through some chemical reactions but don't interact with the container. I'll call these "unaged" here for simplicity, despite the fact that it's not strictly true.[3] Note that many of these whiskeys are made from more than one grain, e.g. bourbon may be half corn and half wheat. When I've indicated a grain I've just indicated the predominant one.[4] Sugarcane is actually a type of non-grain-bearing grass, not a fruit, explaining why rum doesn't count a type of brandy or whiskey.[5] If, like most of Quora, you're in the San Francisco Bay area, go to Red's Place at Jackson and Grant to try this stuff, then go a block over to Kearny where there's a Chinese liquor store to buy it. I don't know of any other U.S. importers (UPDATE: There's also one in Chicago's Chinatown called China Palace Liquor City); if you do, add a mention in the comments.[6] The kind of wormwood used to make absinthe was correctly known to contain the extremely potent neurotoxin thujone in its essential oil. However, the amount of thujone present in absinthe is so low that you'd die of alcohol poisioning long before you could drink enough absinthe to have any effect from it. As a result of the anti-wormwood campaign of a century ago, there's been a persistent misconception that thujone can be used as a recreational drug, which is false -- it doesn't cause hallucinations or any other desirable effects; it's just a poison. (Note, by the way, that many essential oils are similarly toxic, and should be treated with extreme care. Several people have permanently damaged their health or died by drinking concentrated wintergreen oil out of the bottle while making candy. A single ounce of it contains the equivalent of 200 aspirin pills.) I am not a physician and this does not constitute medical advice of any kind.
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Why was the F-117 retired so quickly?
.“If it don’t look right, then it don’t fly right.” Ancient aviation saying. I thank Donnie Morrow for sharing it with us.Okay, military pilots and people, get ready for a good laugh: the reason the F-117 was retired early was simple:It didn’t look right.Oh, I can hear the gales of laughter right through my screen. Look, you really don’t have to flame me. Just two words will do: you wrong.But look at this:And this:Yuck! That is not a plane a self-respecting USAF fighter pilot could love. One Commenter, Erin Samai, saw this “fighter” at the Farnborough UK Airshow and likened it to a “flying tent.”While we’re talking fighter, I notice that no other Answer gives the real reason this “boutique bomber” —Rajan Bhavnani’s great term—was strangely designated F-117.The reason was that crafty Air Force brass wanted to lure high caliber pilots. Those would be fighter jocks. A jock would see that F and think, ‘Oh boy, I’m gonna be flying some super secret high performance fighter!’ Certainly not a flying tent. Or, more technically, not flying a “stealth attack aircraft,” aka, invisible bomber.Fighter pilots live and love to dogfight, not driving bomb dumpers. Yawn. And there was no way in hell F-117 could dogfight: it carried no weapons for air-to-air combat. So imagine those hi-cal pilots’ dismay when they clapped eyes on the Nighthawk: “WTF is this? Guys, this thing ain’t no fighter! We been hornswoggled!”In Operation Desert Storm, Saudi’s named the F-117 "Shaba,” Arabic for "Ghost."Since other Answers provide such extraordinary technical details—I’ve learned a lot—I shall do what I always do in these circumstances: tell stories.In the late ’70s, I was in flight training at Burbank Airport (now Bob Hope Airport), north of L.A. I chose this field for its interesting array of flight operations: training, airline, corporate (flying “heavy iron,” pilot-speak for biz jets such as Gulfstream, Bombardier, et al) Many of these sleek mini-airliners were owned by movie stars from nearby Hollywood.There was another operation, an extremely secretive one: Lockheed’s famed Skunk Works. The U-2 and SR-71 Black Bird spy planes were designed here by aeronautical super star Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson. (February 27, 1910 – December 21, 1990) His sinister black hangar stood just across the field from my training base, wreathed in mystery.Johnson (left) with Gary Powers and U-2. On 1 May 1960, Powers was shot down over the USSR, causing a major Cold War incident. The Soviets, in their frantic efforts to down his U-2, shot down one of their own MIG-19 fighters, killing the pilot.“Oh hey! Sure, come on up. I bet we won’t be able to do this in the future ….”At Burbank I befriended the tower controllers and would often climb up to the glassed-in cab—impossible these days, of course. One morning I came up and a controller said, Oh, you missed some fun last night, Cameron.Seems the Air Force had called up and ordered them to douse the lights on the field at precisely midnight. The controllers pointed out that legally they couldn’t do that. The Air Force played their ace: the “national security” card. The controllers didn’t fold. Nope. USAF had to settle for dimmed lights.At midnight, a gigantic C-5 ( for you non-pilots, this is the largest USAF cargo plane) landed and trundled over to the Skunk Works, sticking its monster snout into their black hangar. Tall shrouds were erected to block view of the C-5’s loading ramp. Grim USAF security in trademark blue berets and automatic weapons established a perimeter around the mammoth plane. It hastily gobbled up something skunky and flew off.Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. Its cargo deck is 1 foot longer than the Wright Brother’s first flight.Next day, the field was abuzz as controllers, pilots and ramp boys speculated on That Top Secret Thing snatched from the Skunk Works. Was Lockheed “reverse engineering” an alien craft? Gee, do you think the government really has…alien pilots on ice? Whatever. It was the usual UFO clap trap.Now, this amuses me about our Air Force. They love to go: “DON’T LOOK! THIS IS TOP SECRET!” So, of course, we all look. If that midnight C-5 had just landed at high noon, trundled in like any normal C-5 and, ho hum, gobbled up some plain ol’ package—no shrouds, no blue berets—and took off, well, no one would have batted an eye. No alien nonsense. But no fun for USAF, either.Much later, we’d learn that the skunky thing was Have Blue, prototype of a revolutionary aircraft designed to evade radar detection. Ironically, the father of stealth was Soviet mathematician Petr Ufimtsev. Fortunately for the United States—remember, this was in the Cold War—Lockheed engineer Denys Overholser took Ufimtsev’s work seriously; his own people, the Soviets, hadn’t.Have Blue incorporated decades of secret aeronautical design work. Now, in the belly of that C-5, she was headed for her first flight at a field so secret, it didn’t exist. There, an assemblage of Air Force brass and Lockheed engineers would watch, holding their breath. Then, as Have Blue climbed away, there would be cheers, high fives and hugs, and, sure, a tear or two from aeronautical engineers who had labored so long and secretly on this peculiar airplane.Have Blue. 60% scale F-117 prototype. (Scott Hanson informs me these weird names are produced by a random name generator to remove human bias)Top photo below: Until the advent of Google Earth, the Air Force denied Area 51 existed. “Don’t you look, ‘cause it ain’t there!”Bottom Photo: F-117s at Langley AFB , Virginia. 64 were built.Flash forward a couple of years. I open the Los Angeles Times and, wow, there’s this big article about some USAF plane crashing in the remote mountains above Bakersfield. Now, normally such an event might rate a few lines of copy on page 15. Not this one. What was the big deal?The big deal was that the Air Force had called up all the major news outlets for an important press conference. OK, about what?Well, the Air Force Press Officer told the assembled journalists, we’ve thrown a “National Security Zone” around a crash site up in the mountains. Huh? Say what? One reporter asked to what altitude this zone extended. “To infinity.” WHAT? “Don’t look! Don’t look!” Big article. Much more fun than just saying nothing—which would have been logical given the remote location of the crash.Years later, we’d learn that the unfortunate craft was our little Have Blue. From the first, she had stability issues. Pilots nicknamed her the Wobblin’ Goblin. Luckily the pilot bailed out okay.F-117s were temperamental and required exceptional maintenance.Let’s return to my point about pilots and the (sexual) aesthetics of their fighter jets. Oh go ahead, laugh! I say sex is an unspoken factor here—and sometimes spoken, as you’ll see in a sec.There’s an old adage in the world of business: sex sells. Never truer than in the fighter jet business.In 1993, the Pentagon established a massive $200 Billion winner-take-all Joint Strike Fighter competition. Two candidates, Boeing’s X-32 and Lockheed Martin’s X-35 went nose-to-nose.I looked at them. Now, I’m no fighter jet expert, but without knowing anything about them, I knew, knew the Lockheed would win. Hands down. End of discussion.Boeing X-32Lockheed Martin X-35Why so certain? Well, look at them. The Lockheed is sleek and sexy in its graphite paint scheme, its come-hither canopy and raked tails. It’s a fighter jock’s dream! The X-32 is anything but. It’s more like—forgive me, Boeing—a happily vomiting albino frog with wings. Am I too unkind?In the testosterone-drenched world of fighter pilots, flying a sexy airplane is like going on a hot date. Seen Top Gun? The Grumman Tomcat is as much the star as that other Tom. I’ll go out on a wing: Tomcat was the sexiest airplane ever to fly. Show me another airplane that could upstage a movie star.Beyond the beauty of its lines, swing-wing Tomcat could fly faster—1544 mph and further, 575 mi—than its successor, the uninspiring McDonnell Douglas Hornet, (1190 mph and 460 mi.) And Tomcat regularly blew off Air Force jocks in mock air battles.But Sec of Defense Cheney had an inexplicable hostility toward the plane: it was a Grumman “jobs program.” (Oh come on! What defense program isn’t?) It had “60’s technology”(ever heard of…upgrading?) He denied a last-minute Navy plea to keep a few beloved, yowling Tomcats around.Some say he was bribed by Boeing. Could be. He certainly went to extraordinary lengths to make sure Tomcat never flew again, ordering Grumman to destroy all its machine tooling, making it impossible to build future planes. (Can you imagine being the veteran Tomcat builder ordered to do that?)The only ones flying now (July 2019) are Iranian. Which it is why it’s illegal to own one. Parts. Tomcats can be found on static displays around the country. Note: for those of you interested in owning a fighter, you can have an F-4 Phantom for $3MM.By any measure, the F-14 Tomcat was a magnificent fighter. It’s “variable geometry” swing wings were unique. It certainly deserves a place in the pantheon of fighter greats: Spitfire, MIG-15, Bf-109, P-51 Mustang, Mitsubishi Zero, Sopwith Camel. You probably have other candidates.I am saddened that Mr. Cheney lacked the vision to appreciate Tomcat.Oh, well—’sigh’—we’ll always have Top Gun.Grumman F-14 Tomcat, retired 2006. The Navy misses it…bad.Back to the Joint Strike Fighter competition:Strangely, the drooling jocks didn’t name the Lockheed plane and pilots love to name their craft. Examples: the unlovely Fairchild Republic A-10 is lovingly called Warthog, or simply Hawg. The Boeing B-52—in service 67 years!—is the BUFF: Big Ugly Fat Fucker—oops! I meant “Fellah.”(A pilot wouldn’t be caught dead uttering a warplane’s official name: A-10 Thunderbolt II, B-52 Stratofortress)Warthog firing its Avenger Gatling gun. Google up its unique “BRRRRT!” sound.The jocks did name Boeing’s X-32 and it wasn’t a nice name like Hawg. The test pilots called her…Monica. I tell you, that name was her death knell.Why Monica? A jock would happily tell you with a wink and snicker: she’s got a big mouth, she’s ugly and…she sucks. Scratching your head? Remember Bill Clinton’s presidency? Yeah? Good. That Monica. Aha!Now, if you’re still scratching at my stupid hinting, please Google up “Monica Clinton.” There’s your answer. And dear reader, I’m not being coy; we’re talking airplane sexuality here, not human. We’re not going there.Cool Cat won, of course. (pilots had begun calling her Panther) And to be fair, her win wasn’t all on sexy looks. She could refuel in flight and hover like a helicopter. Monica could do neither.She’s now the most expensive Pentagon program in history: $1 Trillion. Think of all the cool stuff we could have had for that: high speed rail, health care for all, a chromebook XL for every kid in the country. Think!Sure, Monica would have been way cheaper—Boeing had emphasized cost control—but trust me, there would have been a pilot mutiny if Air Force brass had embraced the Vomiting Frog over Panther.Many thanks to Howard Torman for sharing his first-hand knowledge of the Joint Strike Fighter competition.The F-117 was shot down once. It occurred in the Kosovo War of 1998–99 when NATO flew it against Serbia. The historic shoot-down date was 27 March 1999.A Serbian commander of an Air Defense Missile Brigade, former bread baker Colonel Zoltan Dani, made a study of the F-117 ‘s almost invisible radar returns. On Serbian screens the plane looked like a fuzzy sparrow, useless for missile lock. But Dani detected a chink in the stealth “armor:” when the bomb bay doors snapped open, that fuzzy little bird’s radar signature lit bright for a few seconds.Now add NATO complacency. Since F-117 was supposedly invisible, the air staff got lazy and ran the same course to targets in Belgrade, the Serbian capital, on every mission. Fatal. Unfortunately, Dani was an especially clever air defense commander. He now had the Initial Point of the bomb run and a probable course into Belgrade.Serbian “Goa” Surface to Air Missile (SAM)So, when the next Nighthawk came a-bombin’, Dani and crew pounced, hitting it with a brace of well-placed Goas. Badly damaged, the F-117 tumbled out of control, crashing in a field on its back. The pilot, Lt. Col. Dale Zelko (below) bailed out unhurt and evaded capture to be pulled out by USAF Pararescue six hours later.The ultimate irony: Dale Zelko is of Yugoslav ancestry.**Thanks to Desiree Arceneaux for shoot-down details.The gleeful Serbs then invited the Russians and Chinese in for some serious reverse engineering of the dead F-117. That ended the 25 year American monopoly on stealth technology.Despite this costly embarrassment, Nighthawk continued in service for another 8 years. The Air Force had expected at least 13. But the Ghost had been outed and in the most humiliating way: by a tiny Balkan air force (Serbia combines air force and air defense) To add insult to injury, Ghost was downed by obsolete Soviet SAMs. The Air Force was stunned. There were red faces at the Pentagon.Then there was the F-117’s record in combat with its Paveway II laser bomb system. After it’s first several missions, the Air Force crowed that the plane had destroyed 80% of its assigned targets. However, on closer examination this was found to be wildly overstated. Like about 100% wildly.So, here we had this weird black plane which hit targets barely half the time, which had embarrassed the Air Force and which was a bitch to maintain.And what was that impatient roaring in the wings? Panther! The expensive love of the fighter jocks, clawing to take center stage.No pilot ever loved The Black Jet—or at least confessed to. It was a revolutionary freak and revolutionaries are rarely lovable—nor are freaks.Nighthawk had been born in great mystery at the Skunk Works and out at Area 51—mystery made greater by Air Force antics. But now, in late middle age, it’s mystique was gone—and soon it would be, too..Colonel Dani gloating over his kill.“Get me Dimitri on the phone. And that Chinese guy. I can never pronounce his name.”But why did they have to rub it in? Why? The day after the shoot-down, the Serbs, giddy with their spectacular triumph, erected this huge, hand-painted banner over the shattered Nighthawk carcass for all the gathered international press to see:“S O R R Y ! .W E .D I DN’T .K N O W .I T .WA S **I N V I S I B L E!**”JerksThe author gratefully acknowledges the many suggestions and corrections from military and civilian readers. You improved this Answer—a lot! Thank you.** Zelko and Dani would later become friends.
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As a computer science student, what can I learn right now in just 10 minutes that could be useful for the rest of my life?
Have you ever felt that something(like taking backup of files, deleting old files etc.) should automatically happen when you connect your pen-drive to your system?Let us take an example, Suppose your teacher wants you to copy your assignments into his pendrive in front of him. The pen drive contains your final examination paper. You want your ubuntu system to automatically copy all the data from that pen drive to your hard disk automatically in the background (without even opening a copy dialogue). Here is how to do it on ubuntu:1] First let us write a simple shell script which we want to execute whenever a pen drive is connected to our system. Let us write a simple script which copies all data from the connected device to your home directory.First open a new fileemacs $HOME/script.shand add following lines to that file.#!/bin/bash sudo mkdir -p /tmp/test sudo mkdir -p $HOME/device_data sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp/test sudo cp -r /tmp/test/* $HOME/device_data/ sudo umount /tmp/test Save and close the file.This script essentially creates a new directory named "device_data" inside your home folder and copies all the data from the pen drive into device_data directory.(Note: You can write ANYHTING into this script, so use it wisely :P)Now let us make this script executable.sudo chmod +x $HOME/script.sh As this script needs sudo permissions, we need to make it sudo runnable. To do this add the name of the script into sudoers file.Open sudoers file.sudo visudo -f /etc/sudoers Now after the 25th line (%sudo…) add this line
ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /home/ /script.sh So now this script will run with sudo rights but will not ask for password! :)2]Now we need to tell our system to follow OUR rules (i.e execute our script) whenever a pendrive is connected. For this we need to create our own "udev rules" file. This file should be created in '/etc/udev/rules.d' directory.cd /etc/udev/rules.d Open a new file (with sudo rights):sudo emacs 91-myrules.rules Make sure the file name starts with "91". This gives your rules priority over other rules.Now add these lines into that fileACTION=="add", ATTRS{idVendor}=="****", ATTRS{idProduct}=="****", RUN+="/paht/to/your/script.sh" Make sure you enter proper path into RUN variable.Done!!Now plug any pendrive into your system and test this!Note: 1] When you connect your external drive this script will be run and your system won’t be able to use it unless this script execution is complete! So have some patience! :p 2] This answer is written for educational purposes only! Do not misuse it.Thanks Mehak Sharma for promoting the answer! -
What are the pros and cons of functional programming compared to imperative programming?
Over time it has become increasingly difficult to define what is the difference between imperative and functional languages. The original functional languages Lisp, was imperative. Today it seems as if the main distinction relates to functional purity meaning immutable data and the control of effects through the type system. However, this definition excludes most languages considered to be functional such as Scheme, SML, OCaml, Clojure, Scala and leaves Haskell (and family members).Q: What are the pros and cons of Haskell programming compared to imperative programming?ProsImmutability improves the ability to reason about code, particularly when their is substantial composition of disparate components.ConsNot scalable, most immutable data-structures have non-constant asymptotic complexity and those with constant complexity have a relatively large constant. Anton Carver's answer to When should I avoid functional programming and use imperative programming instead?Some sequential algorithms are only possible by using excessive workarounds (union/find).Some parallel algorithms are only possible by using excessive workarounds (parallel union/find).Mismatch when working with databases (transactional mutation).Mismatch when working with distributed systems (Byzantine failures). Anton Carver's answer to Can one make distributed computing systems taking advantage of functional programming's stateless behavior?Not mainstream, difficulty in finding skilled engineers.Neutral (these things apply to both Haskell and imperative languages).Use of immutable data-structures as shared messages in a concurrent systems.Ability to operate with high-level abstractions, composition and meta-constructs.
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