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Both terms - “electronic signature” and “digital signature” - are often used interchangeably, they aren’t exactly the same. Electronic signatures could be considered virtual representations of a pen-and-paper (“wet”) signatures. Digital signatures, also called cryptographic signatures, are a type of electronic signature that’s coded and encrypted in order to prevent the impersonation of a signee, tampering, and improve security overall.The main difference is that a digital signature is mainly used to secure documents and is authorized by certification authorities while an electronic signature (e-signature, e-sign) is usually associated with a contract where the signer has got the intention to do so: Difference Between Digital Signature and Electronic SignatureE-signature helps an individual to show his agreement to the conditions and terms of an electronic service. It can also be used to confirm the identity of the message's creator. Many countries give the same legal importance and significance to e-signatures as to traditional ways of executing documents. Here are the features of some most popular tools in this area: Best E-Signature Software Reviews & Comparisons | 2019 List of Expert's ChoicesWith electronic signature tools you avoid signing digital documents by hand - which is tedious cause otherwise you need to print, sign and scan all that stuff - that’s why such tools are on the rise. If you work with such signatures often, maybe you need some simple free tool which is specialized exactly for your business tasks. It really depends on the purpose for which you need this to sign an already typed document - it is often better to use a specialized tool, like Draw Your Signature Online and Sign PDF - CreateMySignature.com (instead of a regular image editor) to streamline your business documents workflow.

Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People

First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a  “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development;  a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous,  genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions.  Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as  towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity  be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life.  One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion.  I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it.  The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage.  This is graphic, but not gory,  it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb.  This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness.  I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester.  If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch.  I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on.  but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find.  I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion.   Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination.  It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance,  there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken.  But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.

Forty-five people have been honoured with the highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna since its inception in 1954. There have been demands from different quarters for conferring Bharat Ratna on various personalities, including political figures such as Kanshi Ram, Bal Thackeray, Babu Jagjivan Ram, Jyoti Basu, NT Rama Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and Biju Patnaik.Viswanathan Anand, Dilip Kumar and AR RahmanHowever, there have been clamour for conferring Bharat Ratna on many other non-political personalities too.Here are such names all of us are familiar with:1. AR Rahman:Allah Rakha Rahman is the winner of 2 Academy Awards, 2 Grammy Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, 4 National Awards and 15 Filmfare Awards. The ‘Mozart of Madras’ is one of the most deserving candidates to receive the Bharat Ratna. His fans call him ‘Isai Puyal’ (the musical storm).2. Dhyan Chand:The hockey wizard is considered as the greatest ever to wield the stick in the history of the game. Chand helped India win three Olympic gold medals in 1928, 1932, and 1936 Olympics. August 29 is celebrated as National Sports Day to commemorate his birth anniversary. He died in 1979.3. Dilip Kumar:The legend has contributed over six decades of his life to the Hindi cinema. He is considered as the first superstar of independent India. Pakistan has already decorated him with the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award of that country.4. Viswanathan Anand:The five-time World chess champion too deserves the highest civilian award. The legend dominated the international chess arena for several years. He was the undisputed World Champion from 2007 to 2013. He was also the first recipient of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991-92.5. Baba Amte:Social activist and Magsaysay Award winner Murildhar Devidas Amte has devoted his life to the care and rehabilitation of leprosy patients. His community development project at ‘Anand Van’ near Nagpur is recognised and respected around the world. He died in 2008.6. Verghese Kurien:He is another serious contender for the Bharat Ratna. The milk man of India, he is the one behind the milk revolution in the country. He had served as the head of the National Dairy Development Board for many decades and was the architect of the White Revolution of the 1970s. He died in 2012.7. Kailash Satyarthi:He is the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan and an avid activist against child labour. His original name is Kailash Sharma. He has been fighting to protect children’s rights for three decades now.8. Homi Bhabha:He was one of the pioneers of the Indian nuclear programme. He is known as the ‘father of the Indian bomb’. He died when his flight crashed near Mont Blanc in 1966. He received Padma Bhushan in 1954.9. E Sreedharan:He is popularly known as the ‘Metro Man’. He is the man behind Konkan Railway and Delhi Metro. He is known for changing the face of public transport in India. He received the Padma Vibhushan in 2008.10. RK Laxman:For several decades, Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman represented the Indian common man through his subtle, yet hard-hitting cartoons lampooning the issues of the country and the world. He received Padma Vibhushan and Raman Magsaysay awards. He died on the Republic Day of 201511.Vikram SarabhaiVikram Sarabhai: The doyen of Indian science, who led the country's nuclear research, is one of the perennial contenders for the Bharat Ratna. He is also known as the father of India's space programme. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. He died in 1971.12.Asha BhosleAsha Bhosle: The legendary playback singer has sung in over 20 Indian and foreign languages. The sister of Bharat Ratna Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle was honoured with Padma Vibhushan in 2008 for her six decade-long contribution.Many more are to be added soon !

This is like a case of the good, the bad, and the ugly.I'm going to cover about 8 - 10 cases here, maybe 3 in each category. Hope that that's enough for you - There's no shortage of Supreme Court Cases that fall into at least one of those three categories.ODD1) Nix vs. HeddenBelieve it or not, in 1893, the Supreme Court, the Highest Court of the Land, heard arguments on whether a tomato was a fruit or a vegetable.The Tariff Act of 1883 placed high import taxes on vegetables, but not fruits. So of course, some vegetable importers felt they could tiptoe around the law, as tomato was, botanically speaking, a fruit.The arguments included reading the definitions of both a fruit and a vegetable from several dictionaries, and bringing in botanists to declare the true identity of the tomato. Customs agents countered this, claiming that the words "fruit" and "vegetable" had no legal significance, and while it may technically be a fruit, it is commonly considered a vegetable.VERDICT: 9 - 0; For legal purposes, a tomato shall be considered a vegetable.Some may consider this case important; I consider it quite odd.2) PGA Tour, Inc. vs. MartinIt's a sad day for the Supreme Court when their biggest case of the day is about walking or driving in a golf cart to the next hole. I'm serious.It all started when Casey Martin requested that the PGA allow him to play every round of an upcoming tournament riding in a cart rather than walking from hole to hole. Martin was born with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome ( Scrabblers...), which didn't allow full use of his right leg.The PGA Tour refused, claiming that Martin would not only have an unfair advantage against his competition, but would remove one of the fundamental aspects of golf. Martin sued, and somehow this ridiculous, odd case made its way before the Supreme Court, where Scalia delivered a crushing masterpiece:"We Justices must confront what is indeed an awesome responsibility. It has been rendered the solemn duty of the Supreme Court of the United States ... to decide What Is Golf. I am sure that the Framers of the Constitution ... fully expected that sooner or later the paths of golf and government, the law and the links, would once again cross, and that the judges of this august Court would some day have to wrestle with that age-old jurisprudential question, for which their years of study in the law have so well prepared them: Is someone riding around a golf course from shot to shot really a golfer? Either out of humility or out of self-respect (one or the other) the Court should decline to answer this incredibly difficult and incredibly silly question."VERDICT: 7 - 2; The Court found for Martin in this case.3) Buck vs. BellThis case would have seemed absolutely outrageous today. The question - Whether sterilization is justified in the case of the "feeble-minded."Carrie Buck, a young woman who was characterized as above, was raped by her adoptive mother's nephew, and gave birth to a child. Both her mother, an immoral, promiscuous woman, and her baby, along with herself, were all ruled feeble-minded, with mental ages of less than half their normal ones. This characterization was flawed at best. Carrie was subsequently sterilized.The primary thought of the time was that intelligence, or lack thereof, was only an inherited trait and could be passed on genetically. Therefore, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of sterilization.VERDICT: 8 - 1; Sterilization of people considered genetically unfit is permissible under the law. As Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. infamously quoted - "Three generations of imbeciles is enough!"INTERESTING1) Korematsu vs. United StatesThe US has been characterized by periods of paranoia throughout history, whether Japanese, foreigners in general, or European philosophies such as Marxism and Communism. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US feared another attack by Japan, and that those of Japanese descent living in the US would aid them. Therefore, FDR signed an executive order ordering all Japanese relocated to internment camps. Fred Korematsu, the "Rosa Parks" of Japanese rights, refused, disguising himself as a Mexican-American and going on the run. He was eventually caught and brought before the Supreme Court on the premise of violating an executive order. Korematsu stood his ground, claiming racial injustice and the fact that the US government did not have the authority for this action.VERDICT: 6 - 3; The Court ruled that the need to protect the country was a greater priority than individual rights of the Japanese Americans. 2) Texas vs. JohnsonThis is perhaps one of the more famous Supreme Court Cases. In 1984, upset with the policies of the Reagan Administration, Gregory Lee Johnson doused an American flag with kerosene and set it on fire. No one was hurt, but Johnson was charged and convicted with the "destruction of a venerated object", in accordance with the Texas Penal Code.This was a clash between American ideals, whether the First Amendment's right to free speech trumped the burning of the national US symbol, its very own flag. It was a battle of wills that might have ended dead even if not for an odd number of judges. As it turned out, the verdict was the closest it could be.VERDICT: 5 - 4; The Court ruled in favor of Johnson, saying that the right to differ is an integral part of the First Amendment, and flag burning is perfectly legal under these circumstances. They also concluded that the flag burning was not a bsignNow of the peace.3) Regents of the U. Of California vs. BakkeThis remains one of the raging controversies of today - "Affirmative Action" in college, or not. In the early 1970s, the medical school of UC Davis came up with a dual admissions program to increase disadvantaged minority representation. Alan Bakke, a white male who applied and was rejected from regular admissions, sued on the fact that minority applications with lower grades and less impressive resumes got in through the speciality admissions program. Bakke alleged that this system in itself violated the Equal Protection Clause, discriminating on the basis of race. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, where it was fiercely debated before ending on an ambiguous note.VERDICT: 5 - 4; The Court voted to allow Bakke to enter UC Davis's medical school. However, there was a twist - They also declared that the use of race as a criteria in considering admissions was not a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.IMPORTANTWell, well, well. The three most important Supreme Court Cases in the history of the United States. Picking them will be hard, but I will choose those that had the most historical significance, i.e. impacted us as a country the most.1) Brown vs. Board of EducationIn Kansas 1950, schools were segregated by race. Linda Brown and her sister braved dangerous conditions and low-quality schools for much of their lives, but her family believed that the segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. They sued, boldly, considering that a previous case ( Plessy vs. Ferguson ) had introduced the "separate but equal" theory as law.However, the Court refused to apply that decision to public education, calling it the "very foundation of global citizenship." Access to an education was a right to be made on equal, and segregation would not fit the bill.VERDICT: 9 - 0; All the judges voted in favor of Brown, banning segregation in schooling.This was a landmark decision, as it paved the way for the slow dissolving of racial barriers in America, eventually leading to greater equality between blacks and whites.2) Marbury vs. MadisonAt the end of President John Adams’ term, his Secretary of State failed to deliver documents commissioning William Marbury as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.  Once President Thomas Jefferson was sworn in, in order to keep members of the opposing political party from taking office, he told James Madison, his Secretary of State, to not deliver the documents to Marbury.  Marbury then sued James Madison, asking the Supreme Court to require Madison to deliver the documents necessary to officially make Marbury Justice of the Peace. This case eventually put the Supreme Court on equal footing with Congress and the executive branch, establishing the Constitution as the law of the land and giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.VERDICT: 9 - 0; The Court did not require Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Court ruled that Marbury was entitled to his commission, but that according to the Constitution, the Court did not have the authority to require Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury in this case.  They found that the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with the Constitution because it gave the Supreme Court more authority than it was given under the Constitution. 3) Roe vs. WadeJane Roe was an unmarried and pregnant Texas resident in 1970. Texas law made it a felony to abort a fetus unless “on medical advice for the purpose of saving the life of the mother.”  Roe filed suit against Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, contesting the statue on the grounds that it violated the guarantee of personal liberty and the right to privacy implicitly guaranteed in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.This was another pivotal Supreme Court cases, as it contested one of the most important moral dilemmas in recent US history. Abortion vs. Anti-Abortion was and still is a raging debate that remains to be fully settled.VERDICT: 7 - 2; The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Roe, upholding abortion as the right to privacy and declaring the fetus an unborn organism, and not deserving of the rights of the Fourteenth Amendment.Hope this helps! Enjoy!

That’s the worst idea in fact. I share my experience and more or less it is same for everyone. At the end I also explain how to get your money back from them.On August 3rd , 2018 , I attended a presentation made by Country club representatives , named Dharshan , Muneer and RajaShekar at Café Coffee Day , JP Nagar , Bangalore. I came to know later that they operate by the fake names. So you should know that whoever you deal with and know in CC , those are not their actual names.They explained me different plans of Country Club / Country Vacations.On the condition of me paying the membership fee ( Rs. 1,39,054 ) on the spot, they offered me following membership benefits, none of which I received.1. Domestic and International stay for 6 nights, 7 days for a duration of 10 years for 8 people with 1 bhk accommodation.2. Rs. 7000 cashback to the credit card.3. One time all paid international vacation.Towards the membership, I paid Rs. 1,39,054 with my credit card by converting this amount into 12 EMIs with 14.55 % annual interest. While signing the agreement, and not finding the above above offers in agreement, they misguided me by telling it as a generic common agreement and told that I would receive different customized membership documents within 10 days after signing agreement.At the same time, I got a verification call to which the sales team told me it as a mere account activation call and I just need to agree to the questions asked in the call. They told me again that I would get separate membership documents in the welcome kit and deceptively convinced me to agree for the membership period as 5 years in the call.Later on finding online social media full of similar customer experiences and they being duped by the Country Club in a similar fashion, I referred to the point number 34 (cool off period) in the agreement. According to that, I can cancel the membership within 10 days from the signing of the agreement by sending an email to centralcustomecare@countryvacationsmail.com. The paid amount would be refunded after deducting Rs. 3800. Therefore, on August 6, 2018 I sent an email to cancel my membership with immediate effect and asked to refund my money. I received no response except an confirmation e-mail from Country Club about receiving my email. I sent many email reminders, but did not receive any response from Country Club about refunding the money. Please see the copy of the emails attached. I also talked about the same to the country club sales team, they promised to resolve either all my concerns or get my money refunded but nothing happened. To discuss my issues I also tried to call the phone number given in the agreement (040) 67484444, but there has never been any response on that either.I have also sent a legal notice to Country Club on 18th Sept 2018 and yet have not received any response. Now I know that they get such notices on daily basis and that does not mean anything to them. So, do not spend your money on sending the legal notice.This is their modus operandi and they have cheated 1000s of people like that.Now, what you should do to get your money back from them. Before that, One thing I want to share here about the people (CC victims like us). I have talked to 100s of people who got cheated by the CC. And I must say that I am very disappointed by the people. I must say that majority of the people who get cheated and come to get help in getting their money back are very selfish, they just care only about getting their money back and nothing else. They do not respect other person’s time at all and are completely thankless. They also do not want to take any effort on their own part , and behave as if it is someone else’s job to get their money back that they simply gave to CC. Once they get back their money , they do not bother even to talk about it , forget helping others. They are not even bothered to post their experiences on the social media spread awareness about that.Now, what you should do to get your money back from them.Very important , do not get disheartened and just leave your hard earned money with them. Do not repent. Accept that you are being very casual in giving away your money to anyone. Take it as a lesson and in future never spend your money in advance for any kind of plans. Never entertain any aggressive sales, marketing. Be careful , do not share your number to any mall , refuse to share your number when shopkeeper asks at the time of making bills etc. You should even scold the boy/girl if they ask to fill any lucky coupon in any mall.Immediately send an email to centralcustomecare@countryvacationsmail.com and centralcustomercare@countryclubmail.com to cancel your membership citing your personal reasons and get your refund. Also copy all your country club / country vacations representative contacts in the same email. Look into your country club / vacation agreement , search the internet and find out all the country club / vacation customer care emails and copy to those addresses too. Do that immediately.Immediately write an application on paper to cancel membership giving your personal reasons , attach all your documents and send it to their Hyderabad offices and local offices via registered speed post with acknowledgement. Do that , do not just sit back after emailing. It is important and you will understand better it later.If you have used your credit card , then immediately raise the credit card transaction dispute. Fill up the dispute form , attach all the documents above , also take the print outs of all the negative reviews and fraud done by them and send again via registered speed post with ACK. Also email the same to your bank emails etc. After sending the dispute form , talk to your bank manager. They will normally discourage you by saying they want cancellation mail from CC. Explain them all the frauds made by them and how many people got their credit card transaction reversed and explain what all you did in steps above. File a dispute asap. There is a time window in the bank before transferring your money to the company from bank. So leave all your other works and do the steps 1–4 asap. Most likely you will get your money reversed. Even if they reject your dispute , dont get disheartened and raise the dispute again. Collect more evidences and examples of people’s getting their money reversed.If you have 10 days cool off period in your agreement , then you do not need any reason as such to cancel your membership. You do not need to utilize any of their services also. Do not personally go and talk to them about you refund in their offices. They will simply refuse. They will ask you to first utilize their services first. Do not do that. Do not believe on their single words. Do not get trapped . Just follow what I am stating here. If you are in cool off period , then you need to wait for 120 days after sending your mails to them. Just sit back and keep sending reminders to them and to your back and do the step 7 below. Most likely you will get your money reversed in your credit card before 120 days. Even if you have paid using the debit card, they will pay you back by company cheque.Even if you do not have cool off period in your agreement , follow the step above, yo will get your money back. Do it as fast you can.If have passed 10 days time , then go to your local clubs or country club facilities . They are very shady and unusable. Go there , take the photographs and other evidences of the poor facilities there. Collect all the documents , make your case and do the steps 1–4.Prepare all the documents , find out the addresses of following in your state and once in a month send your letters and emails both to following.You can also contact Mass India NGO Karnataka president Mr. Gopal Koteyar ( 9741180793 / 9980025751) if you are in Karnataka and Mr. Shibu George ( 9869839988) for the rest of the parts in country. They are fighting with CC since long time. I and many other people got money back through Mr. Koteyar and Mr. Shibu has made around 400 people’s money refunded till now.a) DIG / police commissioner in your city and DIG / police commissioner Hyderabad.b) Registrar of companies and company law.c) Chief minister of Telangana and Your state.d) Prime Minister of India.e) Reserve Bank of India.f) Enforcement Director of Income Tax.Also keep sending the reminders to CC all offices and your bank by giving references to the above communications. Do not forget that. This process seems slow to you but it works and actions are taken. You will get most likely your money back faster.8. If you have cool off period in your agreement , then after 120 days , you can approach the consumer court. If you do not have cool off period in your agreement , then you can approach the consumer court even before , based on the response from the Country Club. If you have to go to the consumer court , do not take myadvo services , you will repent. In consumer court , you should yourself appear , do not take any lawyer , they will just rip you off. You can find and help of any reliable lawyer in your area in initial filing the case and later you yourself can carry on. I am not recommending but I consulted lawer Pooja Barik from HSR Bangalore and found her helpful. You can find anyone reliable or with little effort can file your own. That is a simple process.This is all pretty much you have to do. Keep faith, I am telling you that you will get your money back.At the last be a good citizen . Upvote and comment in this post and do not let this post take down by CC folks. Help others , connect people in your area to collaborate. Discuss your case here in comments so that other also get information and can help you or get help from your experience . Post your experience on social sites. This is the minimum we should do. Do not just think about yourself only , spread the word.

TCS ( ILP ) joining process and document preparationThe most important part of joining TCS is its documentation! This is just a general guide to the new ILP candidates. You should always strictly follow your Annexure ! So let’s do this fast!The Joining Process is Divided into seven parts:1.Accept the joining letter2.Complete the TCS Survey Monkey3.Complete the BGC form filling4.Fill the NSR (NASSCOM) ITPIN5.Fill the ON BOARDING forms6.Prepare the Agreements (Service Agreement & Affidavit/signNowd Undertaking)7.Prepare the supporting documentsAccept the joining letter:a). First you have to accept your joining letter by using your DT reference idTCS Next Step>>ILP corner>>Joining letter>>Acceptb). Download the Joining letterTCS Next Step>>ILP corner>> Joining letter >>DownloadNote: Accepting the joining letter is necessary to complete the other formalitiesSo first accept your joining letter (if you are going to join TCS)Complete the TCS Survey MonkeyYou have to complete the TSC survey monkey. TCS recruitment team will send you the link by mailRequired details:1. TCSL Reference id (DT reference id)& passwordhttps://www.surveymonkey.com/r/T...Complete the BGC form filling:You have to complete the Background Check Verification Before Your Joining datea). Fill BGC Form:i). Fill the Basic Details (Passport, PAN, Address Details)ii). Academic Details (CGPA or overall percentage)iii). Reference: You have to fill any two person’s following detailsØ NameØ Company/Institute NameØ DesignationØ Contact NoØ Email idØ Relationship with the applicantØ Period for which reference knows the applicantiv). Fill Security Detailsb). Declaration:Ø In declaration part you have to agree and submitØ Download the BGC completed formc). Documents uploading:You have to scan and upload the following documents in PDF or JPEG format each file size should be less than 2MBØ NSR e-cardØ Birth certificate or Birth AffidavitØ Permanent, present address proof(aadhaar / passport / ration card / EB, GAS, mobile Bill / credit, debit card / Bank statement)Ø PAN cardØ Passport / passport application receiptØ ID proof (voter id, ration card, driving license, bank passbook, aadhaar)Ø X- grade mark sheetØ XII-grade mark sheetØ All semester mark sheetsØ Non-Criminal Affidavit (first page of the stamp paper)Fill the NSR (NASSCOM) ITPIN:You have to enter your NSR ITPIN atTCS Next Step>>ILP corner>>National skill registry>>ITPIN(you have to complete the registration and bio-metric process of NSR before joining ILP (please visit site www.nationalskillsregistry.com). And they will send you a NSR-e card by mail or you can generate by yourself by login to your NSR profile)Fill the ON BOARDING formsYou are mandatorily required to fill and submit the Onboarding Forms before your joining date to smoothen your Onboarding process, failing which your joining formalities will not be completed. These forms are required to be filled as per statutory compliance norms.Onboarding forms consists of five forms:Ø Provident Fund (PF)/ Pension Scheme Nomination form (Form 2 — Part A and Part B)Ø Gratuity Form (GF)Ø Superannuation Form (SF) -only to eligible employeesØ Declaration Form (Form 9)Ø Group Life Insurance (GLI)You would have to fill all the Onboarding forms online and declare nominee(s) for the above mentioned forms. Submit a Hard copy of the completed forms on the day of Joining ILPTCS Next Step>>Onboarding>>Fill all the formsAfter filling these form, you can download these 5 documents at “Dashboard tab”-in the same pageSuggestion: 1. nominee is father or mother 2. share of money -100%Required information: Name, DOB of the nominePrepare the Agreements (Service Agreement & Affidavit/signNowd Undertaking):a) Service Agreement:1.Buy a Rs.100 stamp paper on your name2.Print the service agreement page 1Download.pdf3.Buy 5 demi (court paper) / green paper (court paper) / Legal / A4 papers4.Print the service agreement page 2 – 6 Download.pdfNote: page 6 is also called as surety verification formNote: Blanks should be written using pen it should not print or typeIt doesn’t matter how many pages in your agreement but make sure that proper page number and proper contentOther instructions:If Rs.100 stamp paper is not available, you can also do this in two Rs.50 stamp papers Make sure the text starts in the stamp paper. You can print first 3 Lines on first Rs.50 stamp paper and next some paras on another Rs.50 stamp paper and the remaining pages on other demi paper.Read the service agreement guidelines carefully before filling up anything. Many might find this silly but I prefer filling up Xerox copies first. It can save you the money for printing again in case something goes wrong! So we are here going to use a Rs.100 stamp paper for the first few lines(THIS AGREEMENT made at Mumbai on this 1.______________________________________ day of 2._________________, Two thousand and 3._______________________ between TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LIMITED,)and print the rest on simple A4 papers or Legal or demi papers. Fill everything up in CAPS, using a pen. Do not remove any clause, not even the page numbers! Don’t forget your signature and surety’s signature on the bottom of each page!! Service Agreement needn’t be signNowd.Surety Verification:This is a part of the Service Agreement. Any person who is an Income Tax Payee or has Land property can be your surety! Example: your father! So just make sure you place the signatures in proper places and have your surety fill up the “Surety Verification Form”. This form has to be attested by a Gazetteer Officer or the manager of a nationalized bank where the surety holds an account or employer of the surety! or public notaryØ Attested photocopies of the surety’s pan card.Ø Attested photocopies of the surety’s Form 16 (or)  Attested photocopies of the surety’s latest income tax returnNOTE: Make sure your surety’s signature everywhere matches with that done in his/her Pan Card or you are in some serious troubleb) Non-Criminal Affidavit:1.Buy a Rs.100 stamp paper on your name2.Print the Non-criminal affidavit page 1 Download.pdf3.Buy 2 demi (court paper) / green paper (court paper) / Legal / A4 papers4.Print the Non-criminal affidavit page 2 – 3 Download.pdf5.Get this affidavit signNowd by a notary public in court (signature in all the pages)Note: Make sure you choose non-blood relation people as witnesses! Example: Neighbors.Other instructions:If Rs.100 stamp paper is not available, you can also do this in two Rs.50 stamp papers Make sure the text starts in the stamp paper. You can print first 2 paras on first Rs.50 stamp paper and next some paras on another Rs.50 stamp paper and the witness page on another demi paper. just fill in the blanks with a pen DO NOT remove any clause.Prepare the supporting documents:1. Medical Certificate:Download medical certificate format from TCS next step portal and print it (Black & white is enough) Make sure The doctor signs and places his seal on the second page. He should also sign and place a seal on your photo. format download.pdfYou’ll need two attested copies of everything but make sure you keep more copies with you (many times it will help you)Here’s a list of the supporting documents you’ll need to get attested by:Ø Gazetteer Officer orØ Government higher secondary school head master orØ Tehsildar of the village in which the Applicants resides. orØ District collector of the district in which the Applicants resides1. Birth Certificate:(If your birth certificate is not in English, or your name/place of birth/date of birth is missing/the details are mismatching, then it is recommended that you apply for a new one before it’s too late.Otherwise, you need a signNowd affidavit on Rs.100 stamp paper, which is only atemporary arrangement.)2. Class X - mark sheet.3. Class XII-mark sheet.4. Consolidated Mark sheet (from your institution)5. Degree Certificate(or Provisional Certificate / course complete Certificate if you. Don’t receives your Degree Certificate yet)6. All Semester Mark sheets7. Transfer certificate (if you have)8. Your Pan Card9. Your Passport10. surety’s information:a) If Income tax payee : photocopy attestedi). Surety’s Form 16 ( or )Surety’s Income Tax Return / saral / form 2d / form12Bii). Surety’s PAN cardb) If Surety have landi). Surety’s land documents photo copy – Registered in Englishii). Latest land valuation certificate from the respective authority-photo copy with attestedc) Else Fixed deposit of Rs. 50,000 at nationalized bank on TCS name for two years) photocopy attested by bank manager11. your aadhaar card (if you have)12. your voter card (if you have)13. Ration card (if you have)You’ll need two self-attested copies of Following documents but make sure you keep more copies with you (many times it will help you)1. Joining letter2. Offer letter3. ID proof (Passport, Voter ID)4. Address Proof (Passport, Voter ID)- give a separate copy for permanent & (if Present) address5. Highest degree mark sheets (for BGC)6. Degree Certificate / Provisional / Course complete (if only degree certificate not provided byyour institution)(for BGC)7. NSR e-card printout (after you’re done with Biometrics, you’ll get your ITPIN and e-card with your picture, in your e-mail).8. Documents for break in education (if any otherwise no need)(i) Medical records, if the break was due to medical reasons.(ii) Certificates / Examination results, if the break was due to additional course done.(iii) Affidavit on a Rs.100 stamp paper with notary authorization, if the study break was due to other personal reasons.9. CID Form (if you are from Mumbai/ Navi Mumbai/ Thane City/ Thane Rural / Pune otherwise no need) You need to submit Self-Attested Criminal Investigation Division (CID) forms forthe respective region. (details about forms will be mailed to you just before your joining)10. 12+ copies Recent passport size photos11. All the documents Original compulsory. Don’t forget to take the originals with you!Advise: keep more copies of your documents and attested copies it may help you if any problem