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FAQs
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Is it possible for governments to eavesdrop a SSL communication? Why or why not?
Generally speaking, it depends on the government. But if we're talking about a well-funded state intelligence service, the answer is "probably, if they really want to."The easiest way for an intelligence service to do this is probably not by eavesdropping passively and then using supercomputers (or special circuits) to crack your encryption. Most experts believe that it's easier to perform a "man-in-the-middle" attack.Let's say you're traveling inside a police state and you want to connect to gmail.com so you can send your Gmail password and read your e-mail. How do you know you're really talking to gmail.com and not the evil government? Because the Web site presents a cryptographic certificate identifying itself as Google. (If you did send your password to the evil government, it would be game over. Ditto if they could read your email flying back.)But how do you know this certificate is legitimate? Because it bears the cryptographic imprimatur of a certificate authority (a company like VersignNow or their hundreds of competitors). How do you know the certificate authority is legitimate? Because its cryptographic imprimatur is stored in your Web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer) or operating system, and your Web browser trusts any of these hundreds of entities to signNow that Web sites are who they say they are.The problem is that your Web browser trusts hundreds of these certificate authorities, many resident in all kinds of nasty countries. It's like walking into a store to buy a diamond ring, and the store presents you with a signature from an "independent assayer" guaranteeing the purity and weight of the diamond. If you trust any of thousands of strangers to provide this certification, you can bet that the store could probably find somebody crooked to signNow whatever it wants.Now imagine the store is actually a well-funded nation-state and at least one of the hundreds of "independent assayers" is subject to its laws and not-so-nice tools of persuasion.Similarly, you should assume that several world governments can find at least one crooked certificate authority to signNow that they are gmail.com. You'll think you're talking to Google, but really you end up connecting to the government, which then impersonates you to talk to the real Gmail (and reads your e-mail before sending it back to you).One partial solution to this kind of problem (at least for e-mail) is to exchange cryptographic information DIRECTLY with the person you are corresponding when meeting up in real life, and then use that to encrypt and sign your e-mail, using a program like PGP or GPG. It is also possible to exchange this information through a third party who knows both of you personally, or through multiple third parties; this kind of scheme is known as a "Web of Trust." It has considerable limitations as well, but does have some advantages over the hierarchical X.509 public-key infrastructure that we use for TLS.
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Can income tax be filed with a class 3 DSC?
Click here for digital signature for Income TaxYes Class 3 Digital signature use for income tax filing. you can Use digital signature for where you can use class 2 digital signature. class 3 digital signature is highly security level Signature.DSC comes in the form of USB token, generally has a validity of 1 or 2 years and is renewable on expiry. It is an easy and hassle-free process to file the IT return using the Digital Signature. This is also considered a secure way to file the Income-Tax Return (ITR).It is mandatory for an individual, HUF, firm, LLP (if their accounts are required to be audited under the provisions of Section 44AB), political parties and companies to file the ITR using the DSC (Class 2). Other taxpayers can also voluntarily use the DSC to file the income-tax return. If the return is signed digitally, then it is neither required to verify the return using Aadhaar-based OTP, nor to send the signed hard copy of ITR-V to the CPC Bengaluru. The taxpayer just needs to affix the DSC to the tax return to authenticate it. Before verifying the ITR using DSC, it is mandatory to register the DSC on the income-tax e-filing website.DSCs are available in three classes – Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3.Class 1 Digital Signatures are issued to individuals/private subscribers and offer lowest level of assurance. It is used for both business and private use. It is used to digitally sign the non-commercial or low-value transactions where proof of identity is unnecessary.
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How do you spend your free time when on a submarine?
As the other replies show, free time on a sub is a rare commodity, especially when you’re at sea. Even before you report on board your first sub as a non non-qualified crew member (a nub, a free air breathing, sanitary tank filling, delinquent puke), you’ve spent the prior 15 months or so going through nuclear power training, sub school, and, plus for enlisted crew members all the various schools for your specialty rating.The sub crew and the Navy want you to get to work and contribute. Your first and most important job is to get started on your watch station and submarine qualifications. When you’re not on watch under instruction, doing admin and record paperwork, studying and practicing for your qualifications, observing maintenance, attending continuing training, engineering and ship’s casualty drills, etc., you just don’t have that much free time at sea on in port. You do have a bit more free time in port since there are no, round the clock watches, only the duty watch. At sea, free time, when you have some, is when you sleep. You may be able to squeeze in a movie (flick) or a game of cards here and there.It can take 1–1/2 to 2 years complete your qualifications, including the coveted dolphins that tells the rest of the world you are qualified in subs. For an officer, being submarine warfare qualified is a major career step. If you don’t earn it, it is a career killer. This is also true for the enlisted crew members, if you want to stay in subs. The process is grueling and requires detailed knowledge of just about everything to do with the sub you are on. This is necessary as each person literally holds the lives of their shipmates in their hands. You have to know how to respond and what your responsibilities are to save your sub and each others lives in an emergency.Even after you have completed your on board qualifications, there is no rest from learning and qualification, plus greater responsibilities are placed on you. Some are in the form of collateral duties. Some are for readying yourself for career advancement. For a nuclear sub officer, that means qualifying as an Engineering Officer (Prospective Nuclear Engineering Officer school with exams, interviews at headquarters (NAVSEA-08) that all have to be passed to be qualified for your next career step). If you make a career of it, there is much more of this ahead of you, and much greater responsibility every step of the way, and it’s not for everyone.
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What are some things to look out for as possible issues when reviewing a property title in the Philippines aside from what is ev
The first step in ensuring a title is what it appears to be is to check for authenticity. A clean title is no good if it isn’t a genuine title in the first place. How do you make sure a title is real?Check the quality of paper used. The forms used in property titles are exclusively printed by the Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas. The judicial form uses a type of paper which contains various security features. The paper is made out of 50% cotton and 50% chemical wood pulp with colored fibers. If held up against a light, an LRA or Land Registration Association watermark should be visible through th...
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How can I register company in India? What problems you faced as first time experience? Plz read complete details too.
Following are the easy steps for registration :Step 1. Application for Director Identification Number (DIN) in form DIR-3 & DSC (Digital Signature Certificate)What is a Director Identification Number (DIN)?Director Identification Number (DIN) is a unique identification number issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), for an existing director or a person intending to become a director of a company.Documents required for DIR-3 ApplicationIn case of Indian National a) Identity Proof: Copy of PAN Card (Income Tax Permanent Account Number (PAN) is mandatory in case of Indian National and in such cases applicant details should be as per Income tax PAN)b) Address Proof: Copy of Passport or Election/Voter ID or Ration Card or Driving license (address having pin code) or Electricity/telephone (Utilities) bill or AADHAR Card. All this should be in the “Name of Applicant” only and it should not be older than 2 months from the date of filing of the e-form.c) Passport Size Photograph (latest) : 1 photocopy or a soft-copy in (.JPEG format)d) *Current Occupatione) *Email Address of the Applicantf) *Mobile/Cell Numberg) *Educational qualificationh) *Verification to be signed by the Applicant. Important Notes :1. All the documents require “Self attestation”.2. In case, the director is residing outside India, the attached supporting documents should be attested by the Consulate of the Indian Embassy, Foreign Public Notary. In case of director, supporting documents can also be attested by Company secretary in full time employment / CEO / Managing director of the Indian company in which he / she proposed to be a director.3. DIR-3 shall be digitally signed by the same person i.e. applicant who is filing the application and by either of the following:a) Company Secretary (in whole-time practice) or a Chartered accountant (in whole-time practice) or Cost accountant (in whole-time practice)b) Company secretary in full time employment or Director of the company in which the applicant is to be appointed as a director4. While making DIR-3 Application following details are mandatory :First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, Details of father of an applicant (even in case of a married woman)In case of a Married woman, a photocopy of the Marriage Certificate is required (If DIN needs to be in the “Changed Name”)5. There could be instances of DIR3/DIN Rejection. 6. * Starred items are mandatory fields of DIR-3 application What is a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)?Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is the digital equivalent (i.e. electronic format) of physical or paper certificates. Examples of physical certificates are driver’s license, passport. Certificates serve as proof of identity of an individual for a certain purpose; for example, a driver’s license identifies someone who can legally drive in a particular country. Likewise, a digital certificate can be presented electronically to prove your identity, to access information or services on the Internet or to sign certain documents digitally. Since MCA accepts electronic submission of Forms on its website the DSC is mandatory for all the users.Documents required for obtaining DSCa) Digital Signature Certificate application Form (duly signed by an applicant). An applicant is required to sign across the photo.Download the DSC Application form (Class II Individual Certificate)b) All other documents are same as required for the DIR-3 ApplicationNote: All the documents require “Self attestation” and identity proof and address proof should be attested by either a Gazetted officer (Class I) or Bank manager or Post Master.Step 2. Search for the Company Name availabilityThe Promoters have to provide at least 6 names in the order of their preference/priority. The Promoters can themselves search for the available names by visiting the MCA Website: Check Name Availability It is also advisable to check any pre-existing Trademarks already registered with the Company name being Proposed, since RoC normally scrutinises the same & may reject the Proposed names on that basis (if similar TM Name is already registered). Promoters should search for any existing Trademark using Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks (CGPDTM) / website Check Trademark .Step 3. Application for the Name availabilityAfter drafting of Main Object of the proposed company, need to file e-Form INC-1 (Application for reservation of name) with Registrar of Companies for name availability. The Applicant needs to give 6 proposed names in preference/priority along with their meaning and significance of each word.Also refer MCA General Circular on Use of word ‘National’, ‘Bank’, ‘Exchange’, ‘Stock Exchange’ in the names of Companies or Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs). Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association (MOA) & Articles of Association (AOA)What is a Memorandum of Association?Memorandum of Association covers fundamental provisions of the company’s constitution. It covers main object and other objects of the company.What is Articles of Association?Articles of Association contain rules and regulations governing the internal management of the company. It is a binding contract between company and its members and members among themselves defining their rights and duties.As per Section 4(5)(i) of the Companies Act 2013 upon receipt of an application under sub-section (4), the Registrar may, on the basis of information and documents furnished along with the application, reserve the name for a period of sixty days from the date of the application.After name approval from ROC, the next step is to draft MOA & AOA. The subscribers need to specify Name, Address, and Occupation in their own handwriting & sign the subscription pages of MOA & AOA.Where subscriber to the memorandum is a Foreign National (residing outside India), please refer Chapter 2 of Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014 notified by Ministry of Corporate Affairs for knowing the procedure of obtaining attestation and notary while signing subscription pages of Memorandum and Articles of Association and other relevant document.Step 5. Filing of e-forms with RoC (Registrar of Companies)Following Forms to be filed/uploaded on the MCA Website.a) Form INC-7 : For application of Incorporation of the Companyi) Mandatory attachments to e-form INC-71. Memorandum of Association2. Articles of Association3. Declaration by Professional in INC-84. Affidavit from the subscriber to the Memorandum in Form No.INC-95. Proof of residential address which should not be older than two months6. Proof of identity7. Verification of signature of subscribers i.e. Form No. INC-10, in case the company is not having share capital.8. It is mandatory to attach entrenched Articles of association if any of the articles are entrenched.ii) Optional attachments depending upon case1. Copy of in principle approval granted by the Reserve Bank of India or any concerned authority in case proposed company shall be conducting NBFI (Non-Banking Financial Institution) activities2. NOC in case there is change in the promoters (first subscribers to Memorandum of Association)3. Proof of nationality in case the subscriber is a foreign national4. PAN card (in case of Indian national)5. Copy of certificate of incorporation of the foreign body corporate and proof of registered office address6. Certified true copy of board resolution/consent by all the partners authorising to subscribe to MOAb) Form INC-22 : For Notice of situation of registered officeAttachments to e-form INC-221. Proof of Registered Office address (Conveyance/Lease deed/Rent Agreement along with the rent receipts) etc.2. Copies of the utility bills (proof of evidence of any utility service like telephone, gas ,electricity etc. depicting the address of the premises not older than two months is required to be attached).3. No Objection Certificate or permission to use4. Certification of e-form INC-22 by CS/CA/CWA (in Whole Time Practice)c) Form DIR-12 : For providing information about particulars of appointment of Directors of the company and Key Managerial PersonnelAttachments to e-form DIR-12Following are the Mandatory attachments in case of an appointment of a Director / Manager / Company Secretary / CEO / CFO.1. Letter of appointment2. Declaration by first director in Form INC-93. Declaration of the appointee director, managing director, in Form No. DIR-2Step 6. Payment of RoC Fees & Stamp DutyAfter filing of documents online, we need to make payment of RoC fees and Stamp Duty electronically which is based upon the Authorised Capital of the Company.Step 7. Verification of documents / forms by RoCAfter payment of all RoC Fees & Stamp duties, RoC verifies/scrutinises all the documents and forms and may suggest few changes to be made in the attachments or form itself. We need to make necessary changes accordingly.Step 8. Issue of Certificate of Incorporation by RoCOnce all the Forms are duly approved by RoC, the digitally signed “Certificate of Incorporation” is emailed to the Directors.As part of the Green Initiative by the MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs), few Certificates including “Certificate of Incorporation” are now issued only in the electronic format i.e. soft-copy (having digital signature of RoC Registrar). Once the Incorporation Certificate is received, Company can start it’s operations.Reference - Ministry of Corporate Affairs WebsiteThanks for A2A !
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Is HAL Tejas really a junk fighter aircraft?
Anonymous OP= Sadist w/o enough proof and evidence a.k.a TROLL.So here it is for Ya’all sadists fanboys.LOOK AT IT. UNDERSTAND IT. DIGEST IT. RESPECT IT!The answer is very long, but I assure you that it is to the point and will answer both questions in detail.The LCA-Tejas is the replacement for the soviet origin Mig-21 fighter aircrafts, which have been in air for around 70 years with various air-forces across the globe, Indian Air Force being a major customer with considerable numbers still in service. The LCA has hit the production lines and 123 are on order.But it is still a question if LCA is a worthy successor to the Mig-21? and if the country has gained anything from this or is it just another piece of junk?This answer shall dig into the above questions.Content:1.Role2.Aerodynamics3.Stealth4.Safety5.How it has helped the country?ROLE:Mig-21: It was primarily designed and inducted as an Interceptor, Later it was modified as CAS and a airsuperiority fighter.LCA: Point defense, multi-role fighter.Inference: The primary job of an interceptor is to gain speed and height quickly and to intercept incoming threats. They are not primarily designed to undertake CAS and Air-superiority fighter roles whereas LCA from the first day was supposed to be a multirole fighter. The design of Mig allows it to travel at very high speeds with degraded performance at low speed where as LCA has a balanced performance in all speed regimes.Little knowledge before going further:Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of total lenth of wing(wing span) to ChordWing loading(WL): It is ratio of gross weight to be carried by wing to area of wingLeading edge/Trailing edge :Anhedral/Dihedral:Chord: Line joining Leading edge to trailing edgeAOA: Angle between chord and Wind.Critical AOA: AOA for which lift is maximum or angle after which lift starts decreasing rapidly.Relation of AR with lift:Lift Vs AOA for various AR:Inference :Higher AR will have higher LiftMore the AR less will be the Critical AOA.Higher the AR, higher the induced dragAerodynamics of Delta Wings:Lift generated by delta wing has two components: Vortex lift+Potential Flow lift (read Lift on a flat plate)At lower angle of attack the lift is only the Potential flow component.(AOA=0*-5*)At higher angle of attacks Vortex are generated by the leading edge, which flow over wing and creates a low pressure region over wing and hence lift is generated.(AOA=5*-20*)At higher AOA the vortex starts getting disturbed and lift is decreased but can be controlled by certain measures.(AOA=20*-30*)Delta wing shows low lift at low A.O.A because of following reasons:More surface area for given amount of lift causes more viscous drag which decreases Lift/Drag ratio. More the ratio is better the lift.At low AOA the formation of vortex is not uniform or flow separation or due to vortex burst(I oversimplified way too much).Relation of WL with Maneuverability: The less the WL the better and faster will be the roll maneuver.AERODYNAMICS:Wing Type:Mig-21: Pure Cropped Delta with tail.LCA: Cropped Compound tailless delta.Inference: Mig had an extra control surface that added to the drag at high speed regime. Being pure cropped delta has it’s fair share of disadvantages as i mentioned above. Also due to the design the take off speed and distance is more for Mig-21 than Tejas.AR:Mig-21: 2.2LCA: ~1.75(Wing span^2 / wing area)Inference: Mig-21 focuses on more lift whereas LCA for less drag, no one wins in this department all matter of priorities. Trade-offs can’t be avoided.WL:Mig-21: 452LCA: 247Inference: LCA is a clear winner, this makes LCA more maneuverable in combat.Thrust to Weight Ratio:Mig-21: 0.7LCA: 1.07Inference: LCA wins, this gives LCA a better climb rate than Mig-21.Wing Position:Mig-21: -2* dihedralIts 2 deg annhedral sirLCA: Anhedral:Inference: Anhedral position of delta wings generates extra lift. LCA wins.AOA: This part is tricky.Mig-21:30*LCA:28*Inference: Despite using dihedral swept back cranks LCA has AOA 2* less than Mig-21, but at the same time it is good in terms of existing 4.5 gen aircrafts. The reason for the following can be the pure delta of Mig-21 which are best suited in for high AOA but poor lift at low AOA where as LCA tries to keep the lift enact even at low AOA and low speed, so the reduction of 2* AOA in LCA is a trade-off for a wider flight envelope.STEALTH:Inlet:Mig-21: Inlet cone with Inlet at front of the plane.LCA: Supersonic, Y-duct below and behind the wing.Inference: Mig doesnot gives stealth due to the protruding cone and compressor RCS just visible at the front whre as LCA has two advantage:Stealth by covering the Compressor RCS.Continious suppply of air at high AOA.Material Used:Mig-21: Mostly metal or alluminium alloyLCA: 44% is Carbon composite.Inference: LCA is more lighter, stronger and stealthier.Wing Blending: The Blending of wing with fuselage in LCA does two things:Lower down the RCS.Make fuselage a Lift generating object. This feature is not present in Mig-21.RAM: Extensive use of RAM(Radar Absorbing Materials) decrease the RCS both of body and the Cockpit through canopy.SAFETY:Needless to say from the day LCA was first flown it had never ever met with an accident, Mig-21 doesnot have a appreciable safety record which has earned it the name of “Flying Coffin”.IS LCA PROJECT A SCAM ON TAXPAYERS MONEY?Well, probably what’s your say on these?We paid $2B for INS vikramaditya when it was projected to be several millions.We are paying more than $3B for FGFA but the work share and ToT is still questionable.We are major share holder in Mig-29 and SU-30 MKI developement and still the supplier doesn't share spare parts of the same, result being more than 40% fighters being grounded at any given time and frequent crashes.We bought T-90S but it's FCS, Armour and Air condition, RCWS all run on that developed by DRDO for Arjun MBT, same stands for T-72 CIA. Reason Russia didn’t share the ToT as per agreement.Add up all these and the total financial figure can easily cross $10B. But still the media never shys away from calling this utterly over expensive, frequent maintainance and accident prone Russian equipments some sort of “Brahmastra” and the LCA which hasn’t met with an accident so far and an availability of 73% all the time a DUD. This is a bigger scam. Isn’t it?Coming to Tejas:1. It was meant to replace Mig-21 which was not a key fighter either.2.LCA remains the cheapest programme with just $1B on it’s R&D. Atleast one-fourteenth of the budget of nearest contemporary and still comparable.Can the OP produce any official reports to quantify the fact that an aircraft which is developed by an R&D organisation whose Total R&D budget is one-sixth of an E-retailing company’s R&D and having underpaid scientists as compared to it’s international peers is a SCAM.IS IT A CHEAP MIRAGE COPY?Perhaps NO. Why?Here is it :WING POSITION W.R.T FUSELAGE:Mirage: Flat i.e 0* w.r.t to horizontol axis.LCA: AnhedralInference: For Delta Wings Anhedral placement creates more lift, which further help to counter the lack of lift during slow speeds in tejas but thats not the case with Mirage, suffers lack of lift during slow speeds.Extra LIFT AND PERFORMANCE INCREMENT DEVICES(Canards/LERX/Chine etc):Mirage: Small strake on the intakes above wing.LCA: Crank (Marked in pink and dihedrally placed)Inference: Mirage doesnot have any Lift increment device, the strakes it uses it gives a littlehelp in maintaining airflow at high AOA but not very effective , unlike tejas whose dihedrally positioned forward swept crank helps it a lot to maintain lift at high angle of attack(AOA) by delaying flow separation above wings.BLENDING WING : Look at wing- fuselage for junction both :Mirage: The junction is clearly visible.LCA: There is blending of juction between wing-fuselage.Inference: Now this feature does two things-Makes the fuselage self lift creating object.Helps to reduce the RCS and add stealth to aircraft.Mirage is in disadvantage in this one.WING-LOADING : The lower the better. Lower wing loading is a key deciding factor about the maneuverability of aircraft. Lower wing-loading helps in better dogfight.Mirage:337 kg/m²LCA: 247 kg/m²Now comes the most complex of all but rather ignored topic the INTAKES. The topic is scientifically very critical in deciding the performance of aircraft.The position of inlet:Mirage: Beside the fuselage.LCA: Under and Behind wing.Inference: Putting the inlet sidewise, creates airflow moving over the surface of the fuselage develops a turbulent boundary layer, and ingesting this turbulent boundary layer into the engines may causes problems in the compressors if not it adds to drag. Also at high AOA this position of inlets does not ensure a good performance but in case of tejas the position of inlet behind wind ensures a considerable of amount of air supply to engine at high AOA which is not in case of Mirage.Type of Intake:Further the intakes of Mirage are old gen intake comprising inlet cone but which doesnot helps to guard the compressor RCS, but Tejas uses Y-Duct intake that curtails the compressor RCS and gives a big RCS reduction to tejas and adds to tejas’s stealth which is not the case with Mirage.Above: Inlet cone of Mirage; Below: Y-duct inlet design.Conclusion: Where Mirage was primarily developed to replace Mirage III it was supposed to be a interceptor and good ground attack capability which are the strong points of mirage but lacks little bit in Air to Air and Stealth capability whereas the LCA was always supposed to be point defense fighter to replace Mig-21 , hence it was supposed to have a well balance of ground attack, Air to Air combat and Stealth. Though LCA lacks in terms of range but thats a trade off between aerodynamics, stealth and attack capability just like the Mirage which does just the reverse. It’s all matter of priorities. The following points proves that LCA is not copy of Mirage-2000 either!A SHEAR WASTE OF TAXPAYERS MONEY?Hell No, I don’t believe so!TEJAS IS NOT A FIFITH GENERATION AIRCRAFT. IT WAS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE ONE. IT IS REPLACEMENT FOR MIG-21. IT DOES JOB QUITE WELL. LETS KEEP IT THAT WAY. TELLING TEJAS IS FIFTH GENRATION AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS NOT IS UNDERMINING THE AIRCRAFT DELIBERATELY. WE HAVE FGFA AND AMCA PROGRAMMES TO TAKE CARE OF FIFTH GENERATION AIRCRAFT NEEDS.Rest of the answer i am reposting one of my earlier ones:IAF is at least of its air squadron power ever, this answer shall also look into this point if this situation was sudden or it was predictable.HAL tejas a failure or Success?Well its time to find out…Content:History of developement: HAL Marut, MCA(Most of us won’t have even heard of it), LCA-tejasTechnologies developed: Fly-by wire, engine, radar, aerodynamics, avionicscontribution to the industry/ country .comparison of budgets with other fighter jets?Let’s start with:HISTORY:HAL MARUT:The first supersonic fighter jets in Asia.Served efficiently from 1960–1991 without any severe problems.Also IAF was enjoying aerial supremacy in the region with the newly developed and bought 1200 Mig-21, during this time the PLAAF was not as strong as IAF. But Chinese realised “SOMETHING” that we (excluding navy) didn’t and are still denying from realising it.It was first fighter jet developed, designed and manufactured in India.It got some engine problems, GTRE did developed engine for it, it worked with complete efficiency but was incompatible with aircraft. Had there been foresightedness in airforce, governement and beuraucracy a little more funds would have given us a new engine for Marut. But Marut died a slow death given by beuraucracy, poor R&D funding(which still is poor), and lack of foresightedness.HAL MCA(Medium Combat Aircraft): Say Hello to this Guy!!It was the twin engined, vertical stabilizer less, 360 Thrust vectoring nozzle aircraft a.k.a twin engined MCA(big brother of MCA)It was proposed in early 2000s.But We did the same mistake again, IAF showed little interest in the program and the plan was shelved back in 2000s and the IAF insisted on the LCA and insisted for 126 MCA from foreign and hence started the saga of 126 MMRCA with tender being issued in 2001. The deal was signed for just 36 in 2016. We wasted 16 years again, had there been foresightedness and less corruption in the system , with proper absorption of public and private industry, this thing would have been already into the sky.But, it never saw the daylight and remained a proposal.HAL TEJAS:The so called 1980 is just a media propaganda, it was the year IAF mentioned this matter, 1984 ADA was formed and 1990 finally funds were released so actual commencement was 1990 and not alleged 1980.At last there was some ray of hope though tarnished by 1999 nuclear test embargos, Tejas took to the sky in 2001.LCA was named tejas by then PM.Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee. The programme went well till 2004, it slowed down after 2004 due to slack nature of then government, corruption throughout the reign rocked the entire country during this period, Let alone tejas it was just a small Fighter jet under developement.2014 BJP governement came back again with absolute majority and Defense Minister being Manohar parrikar, clearly stating that Tejas is his dream project.Tejas programme in this two year period i.e 2014–16 saw a faster speed of developement with 123 strong tejas being ordered by DAC and in early 2017 it’s FOC started with successfull firing of Derby guided missile in guided missile mode.TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED:Airframe and Aerodynamics(including stealth):The exact RCS of tejas is unknown. But it is said that it is “1/3 of mirage”, considerably low as compared to other 4th generation aircrafts because ofHigh usage of carbon composites.Being small in size adds to the lowering the RCS.Y-shape inlets that reduces the heat signature of the engine..Use of RAM(Radar Absorbent material) paints.Addition of AESA radar in mk1a and mk2 will ensure that tejas locks on to the target before target sees it which adds to the LO feature.Radar waves normally enter the cockpit reflects of objects & possibly return to the radar and even the HMD of pilot itself contributes to RCS. To avoid this Tejas canopy is coated with a thin film transparent conductor of Indium Tin Oxide. The coating is thin enough that it has no adverse effect on pilot vision and can reflect the radar waves away from the radar antenna.quadraplex digital fly-by-wire control system.ENGINE:A little bit history about the kaveri engine:The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is a turbofan project developed by the (GTRE), a lab under the DRDOT the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the Tejas LCA fighter.This was approx 202 mn $ project.Later on the project was divided into two category: K9 and K 10K9: Will be completely indigenous with only foreign consultation and certification.K10: Will be a joint venture with a foreign partner.Problems that occured:Kaveri engine in its present form uses directionally solidified blade technology which is rather an old tech and it couldn’t tolerate the high temperature in its combustion chamber called “Kabini”. The solution was “single crystal blades”The thrust generated was nearly 65 to 70% of what was needed.Performance decay at high altitude.A peculiar noise when in after burning mode..Here comes the MMRCA deal which many think was a bad decision by the current leadership as it just bought 36 rafales. But if we look closely to the offset, it was boon to us as under the offset:Snecma which manufacture the Rafales M-88 core agreed to help and signNow the engine in 18 months.DRDO has been given a virtual carte blanche to channelise offsets from the Indian Rafale deal to resurrect the Kaveri.Snecma, a partner in the Rafale programme, builds the Rafale’s twin M88 turbofan engines. Under the terms of the partnership , Snecma is working to modify, signNow and integrate the Kaveri on a Light Combat Aircraft airframe before 2020.A later phase in the partnership will involve modifications on the Kaveri for a twin configuration on India’s AMCA fifth generation fighter concept and an altered non-reheat version for the Ghatak UCAV.According to DRDO chief the kaveri engine will be ready by next aero india.Another good new is that altitude test and flying test bed trials have been completed. Official statement of MoD in Parliament” In a written reply to the Lok Sabha in December 2016, Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre had called the effort of the GTRE in developing the engine as “an attempt to mastering one of the most complex technologies”. The minister said the altitude test and flying test bed trials for the engine had been completed and other developmental problems were being addressed to make the engine flight-worthy through in-house efforts as well with assistance from abroad”.The engine will be first used on Tejas PV-1.Other uses will beGhatak UCAV(Dry variant or w/o afterburner)AMCATejas Mk2Also, Rolls royce has collaborated with DRDO on developing the K10 engine. This engine’s first prototype is to be expected in 12 month. The news was broken out in Aero-india 2017 in february.http://www.thehindu.com/news/nat...UK’s Rolls Royce, India’s DRDO working together on engine for fighter jetsWIND TUNNEL FACILITIES:Perhaps you have made this 74 Wind tunnel facilities across the country and other aerospace testing centres.LCA was the principle project that compelled India to develope all this centres of excellence indigenously after being kicked out from Buffalo, USA after ’99 nuclear test.AVIONICS:Indigenous HUD.EW suite for Tejas is under developement for LCA but since it is small it has to be compact other than that Tusker EW suite is the bigger derivative of the suite Mayavi EW for LCA and is used for Mig-29, jaguar and Su-30. Samyukta is also another EW suite that has used the experience from past developement of Mayavi and tusker EW.Early version of tejas (PVs) had analog display now they fly on Digital display designed by DARE(DRDO).Also DARE has developed the litening targetting pod for effective targetting of air version of brahmos.It’s HMD is ELBIT designed, but its friend and foe detection is designed by DRDO.UTTAM AESA (Further updates:Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Is India developing/working on AESA radars?)radar has given rise to many other forms of AESA radar such as that used on swordfish radar, AEW&C, recently successfully launched QRSAM.CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY/INDUSTRY:Private sector giants especially TATA SED and L&T have gained a lot of experience in electronics and manufacturing respectively.It has created a chain of MSMEs.Almost entire fuselage which includes wings, center of fuselage is made by private companies and HAL is only a integrator.AMOUNT OF RESOURCE:Tejas is the most economical 4.5 gen aircraft programme ever with $1 bn spent on programme, whereas Gripen is 14 bn$ programme and F-16 even more.Tejas has never ever faced an accident whereas its competitor Grippen has faced Two accidents.Given the amount of experience by spending the least amount of money compared to any fighter jet programme as shown by above facts and two failed attempts to develope or continue to develope a fighter jets, TEJAS LCA IS A SUCCESS.The “SOMETHING” that i mentioned earlier is the thing that complete indigenisation is the only way you can survive for long and you can see how strong and thriving the chinese aerospace industry is now(you can abuse me as traitor, porkistani and whatever you may like).But it’s time to accept that only R&D can give us what we call as self reliance and not so called ToT that we keep asking from other nations.No nation will give critical technologies that have made them pioneers of their respective field. By giving critical tech to another company, no parent company in sane mind would create their own competitor. But w/o critical tech we can’t modify the weapon platforms according to needs as all IPR are reserved with the parent company, forget about creating a new one.Hence LCA TEJAS is a success and the present squadron crisis was predictable and also preventable had there been foresightedness in IAF, beuraucracy to develope complete R&D infrastructure by consuming potential of both private and public sector also academic institutions to the fullest.Hope this is sufficient for you, or else I can serve more but that will be on further requests. LOLz.Footnotes:1.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to After the failure of Kaveri GTX jet engine is India still developing an indigenous jet engine?2.https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-India-develop-its-own-AESA-radar/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYr3.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Why can't India develop its own AESA radar?4.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-RCS-of-Tejas/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYrPic credits: Google and Respective ownerPic credits: GooglePic credits:respective owners and google.Data: Wikipedia
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