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What are the variants of the Boeing 747?
Google and Wikipedia are your friends…I’m your friend too, so let me describe the different variants of the Boeing 747 for you on Quora:747–100First flight: February 9, 1969Number built: 168We start with the first generation 747. The prototype aircraft was named City of Everett, and it took off from the Boeing Field in Washington for its maiden flight.The inaugural commercial 747 flight took place on January 22, 1970. The plane serving the flight was Clipper Victor, the 11th Jumbo Jet built.On August 2, 1970, this plane was involved in the first ever hijacking of a 747. Pan Am Flight 299 was hijacked en-route to San Juan with 379 people aboard.The hijacker had a gun and explosives, and he demanded the captain to fly the plane to Cuba. The captain complied with his order.Having been notified of the hijacking, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro visited Jose Marti Airport to witness the landing of a 747—a plane he had never seen before.Castro was intrigued by the unprecedented size of the Jumbo Jet. When the captain disembarked the plane with the terrorist, Castro bombarded the captain with questions about the jet’s capabilities, seemingly forgetting that he had just endured the sheer terror of a hijack.Unfortunately, Clipper Victor would later be involved in the worst aviation accident ever. On March 27, 1977, while operating as Pan Am Flight 1736, the plane was struck by KLM Flight 4805 on a runway, resulting in 583 fatalities.The second Boeing 747 ever built was turned into a noodle restaurant after retiring from service. However, the restaurant failed and the plane was scrapped.747–100SRFirst flight: August 31, 1973Number built: 7When Japanese airlines requested a high-capacity, domestic version of the 747, Boeing launched the 747–100 Short-Range. This variant has lower fuel capacity, and higher payload allowance. This is the first airliner to be configured to carry more than 500 passengers. Japan Airlines’ 747–100SR can carry up to 550 passengers.As the –100SR was designed to perform twice as many flight cycles as the –100, Boeing had to strengthen its airframe and landing gear.A –100SR was involved in the deadliest single-aircraft aviation accident, when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed in 1985, killing 520 people.▲ The aircraft involved in the tragedy.747–100BFirst flight: June 20, 1979Number built: 9This variant borrowed the stronger fuselage and landing gear design from the 747–100SR. Compared to the 747–100, it has a greater fuel capacity and longer range. Boeing also offered new engine options.In 1996, an Ilyushin Il-76TD struck a Boeing 747–100B flying at about 14,000 feet, resulting in the most fatal mid-air collision in history.747–100B SRFirst flight: November 3, 1978Number built: 20The difference between this model and the regular 747–100SR is an increased maximum take-off weight.747–100B SR SUDFirst flight: February 26, 1986Number built: 2This model has the same features as the 747–100B SR, but with a Stretched Upper Deck that is around 7 meters longer, providing a 10% increase in capacity and allowing for more seats. This new upper deck also came with a pair of full-size emergency exit doors for faster evacuation.▲ This image depicts an actual 747–100, not a –300.747–100SFThe 747–100 Special Freighter is a 747–100 converted to carry cargo. A main-deck side cargo door and cargo loading mechanisms were added. The main deck was strengthened to accommodate the increased weight of the payload.If you look closely at the image below, you’ll be able to see three exit doors that are sealed off, and the side cargo door behind the wing.747SPFirst flight: July 4, 1975Number built: 45The 747 Special Performance is truly unique and quirky. It is derived from the 747–100, and it’s about 14.7 meters shorter than a regular 747. It also has one less pair of exit doors on the main deck.It has a stubby fuselage, a huge vertical stabiliser, four turbofan engines and two passenger decks. It just looks ludicrous, and wonderful.The following was stated in Boeing’s 1984 edition of “747 Airplane Characteristics — Airport Planning”:[The 747SP] can fly higher, faster and farther than any other wide-body aircraft, and as a result serves well on long-distance air routes that do not require the size of the standard 747.The 747SP apparently had a top speed of approximately Mach 0.92 (630 mph/ 1013 kmh).One plane was involved in a near-disaster. In February 1985, China Airlines Flight 6 plummeted 30,000 feet in under 2 and a half minutes, before the pilots were able to regain control and level their jet out at 9,600 feet. The flight landed safely.▲ Damage sustained by the plane’s empennageThe plane was repaired, but its wings were permanently bent upwards by 5 cm.747–200BFirst flight: October 11, 1970Number built: 225The “second-generation” 747 entered service in February 1971, just a year after the original model. It has more powerful engines, higher maximum take-off weight and longer range.The 747-200B denotes the “basic” passenger version.▲ The KLM 747–200B that collided with Clipper Victor on the runway747–200FFirst flight: Early 1972Number built: 73This is the first freighter version of the 747 to be manufactured by Boeing.Boeing stated that this plane has “virtually” the same cargo space as the 747–100SF.747–200CFirst flight: Early 1973Number built: 13Equipped with a nose cargo door, the 747–200 Convertible is capable of being quickly converted from a passenger aircraft to a cargo aircraft, and vice versa. It can also carry a mix of cargo and passengers.▲ There are passenger windows on the nose cargo door.An El Al Boeing 747–200C carried a record-breaking 1,087 passengers on a single flight during Operation Solomon in 1991 (figure excludes babies board on the flight).747–200MFirst flight: Late 1974Number built: 78Also known as the –200B Combi, this plane is functionally similar to the –200C. It was built with a passenger cabin in the front half of the plane, and a cargo compartment in the back half.This model does not have a nose cargo door. Instead, a left-side main-deck cargo door was implemented near the rear of the aircraft. Unlike the –200C, this model cannot be converted into an all-cargo configuration.747 (SUD)While Boeing built the 747–100B SR SUD from scratch, they offered the Stretched Upper Deck as a retrofit to the 747–100B, 747–100SR, 747–200B and 747–200M variants.These images show the SUD modification process:All 747s that were upgraded with the extended upper deck were designated as “SUD” models. For example, the “747–200B SUD”.▲ Top: An original KLM 747–200B | Bottom: The same plane with the SUD upgrade747–300First flight: October 5, 1982Number built: 56The 747–300 is the third-generation passenger 747, and it came with the stretched upper deck as standard. To reiterate, the upper deck was stretched to be about 7 meters longer than older, non-retrofitted 747s, and it came with a pair of full-size exit doors.Boeing gave customers the option for updated engines, or the same engines from the 747–200 models.While older 747 variants had spiral staircases connecting the two passenger decks, the 747–300 featured a new staircase design which occupied less space in the cabin, providing room for more seats.▲ Left: Spiral staircase on a 747–200B | Right: Staircase on the 747–300747–300MFirst flight: Late 1982Number built: 21As with the 747–200M, the updated –300M can carry passengers and freight on the main deck. It is also referred to as the 747–300 Combi.747–300SRFirst flight: Late 1987Number built: 4This plane was once again introduced for Japanese airlines. It has a capacity of 584 passengers.747–300SFBoeing didn’t produce a freighter version of the 747–300, but they initiated a modification program in May 2000 to turn the passenger variants into cargo planes.747–400First flight: April 29, 1988Number built: 442The fourth-generation 747 introduced numerous structural and technological advancements, providing greater efficiency. It has more range, more fuel tanks, longer wings, and new wingtips that increase fuel efficiency by 4%.More importantly, this model came equipped with a glass cockpit consisting of multifunctional digital screens, which supersede many analog instruments. More computerised flight control systems were implemented, eliminating the need for a flight engineer and largely reducing the amount of knobs, dials and switches.Additionally, the model came with new powerplants choices and a refreshed passenger cabin. With 442 planes constructed, the 747–400 is the most popular 747 model.Unsurprisingly, the 1000th 747 produced is a 747–400.▲ This plane was delivered to Singapore Airlines in October 1993.747–400FFirst flight: Late 1993Number built: 126The freighter version of the 747–400.Since an extended upper deck is redundant and adds weight to the aircraft, every 747–400F retained the same upper deck dimensions as the 747–200F.747–400MFirst flight: Mid 1989Number built: 61Otherwise known as the 747–400 Combi, this aircraft can haul passengers and cargo on the main deck. Compared to older Combi aircraft, this model came with enhanced fire protection systems.The 747th 747 was a –400M. It was delivered to Lufthansa in September 1989.747–400DFirst flight: Early 1991Number built: 19For their high-capacity, short-range 747–400, Boeing decided to drop the “SR” label in favour of a new name, the 747–400 Domestic.Yet again, this variant was produced for the Japanese market. Because it’s tailored for short-haul flights, no winglets were installed on newly-manufactured 747–400D. Boeing later offered the winglets as a retrofit.This airplane has a maximum capacity of 660 passengers in a single-class configuration.747–400ERFirst flight: July 2002Number built: 6The 747–400 Extended Range was launched with an option of one or two additional fuel tanks in the forward cargo bay. Structural modifications allowed for a higher maximum takeoff weight.▲ Qantas is the sole operator of the –400ERThe Boeing Signature Interior, which debuted on the Boeing 777, was installed on every 747–400ER.The 747–400ER is expected to be retired by 2020.747-400ERFFirst flight: September 2002Number built: 40This model can fly 525 kilometres farther than the standard 747–400F. Like the -400ER, this plane has a more robust structure, enabling higher maximum takeoff weight allowance.747-400BCFFirst flight: October 5, 2005Every 747–400 Boeing Converted Freighter was once a passenger 747–400. Boeing appoints contractors like HAECO and SIAEC to perform the conversion work.Like the –400F, it has a side main-deck door situated behind the wings.747–8IFirst flight: March 20, 2011Number built: 47 as of September 2018Initially named the 747 Advanced, the 747–8 Intercontinental was launched in 2005.This model was developed with technologies and design derived from the 787. For the first time, Boeing lengthened the 747’s airframe. As a result, the 747–8I is the longest 747, and the longest commercial aircraft to date.It is powered by GEnX engines, the same ones found on the 787.The 747–8I features a redesigned wing and raked wingtips inspired by the 787. To reduce weight and improve efficiency, parts of the wings are constructed using carbon-fibre composites.It comes with updated flight deck systems and avionics, along with the Boeing Sky Interior. Its passenger windows are 16% larger than those on the 747–400, but unlike the 787, the windows don’t dim electrically.747–8FFirst flight: February 8, 2010Number built: 82 as of September 2018This freighter aircraft shares many attributes with the 747–8I, including its record fuselage length. However, the dimensions of the upper deck remain identical to original 747.The two 747–8 models are 5.6 meters longer than older 747 models, and 20.3 meters longer than the 747SP. They were stretched in different areas to suit their purposes:DreamlifterFirst flight: September 9, 2006Number converted: 4The 747–400 Large Cargo Freighter, better known as the Dreamlifter, is an oversized cargo transporter. This colossal aircraft has three times the cargo capacity of a –400F. It was exclusively designed and used by Boeing to carry parts of the 787 Dreamliner from suppliers around the world to the assembly plant.Like the –400BCF, this airplane model was converted from passenger 747–400s.▲ This 747–400 is one of the 4 aircraft to be modified into Dreamlifters.The first Dreamlifter rolled out of the hangar in August 2006, and it wasn’t particularly sightly. Then-president of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Scott Carson, was reportedly heard apologising to the designer of the 747, Joe Sutter, by saying:[Sorry] for what we did to your plane.VC-25AFirst flight: May 16, 1987Number built: 2Commonly mistaken as the “Air Force One”, the VC-25A is a heavily modified version of the 747–200B. It’s only known as Air Force One when the POTUS is on board.In recent years, it has made many cameo appearances in tabloid newspapers.VC-25BFirst flight: July 8, 2016 (as a 747–8I)Number to be converted: 2The VC-25B will supplant the ageing VC-25A. It should be operational by 2024.To keep costs low, the US Air Force purchased two 747–8I airplanes that were originally built for a Russian airline which went bankrupt.▲ The two undelivered 747s destined to be VC-25Bs, stored in the Mojave desert747 SupertankerFirst flight: February 19, 2004Number converted: 3This is a Boeing 747 variant that was transformed into an aerial firefighting air tanker. It can carry up to 74,000 litres of fire retardant or water, and holds the record for the largest firefighting aircraft.Three Supertankers were built from a 747–100, –200C and –400BCF. However, only two entered service. This image below shows the 747–100 Supertanker:Presently, only the 747–400BCF Supertanker is in service.▲ This passenger plane was first converted into a freighter, then an air tanker.SOFIAFirst flight: April 26, 2007The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy is a heavily retrofitted 747SP. It has a telescope installed near the rear of the airframe, and flies at up to 45,000 feet during its missions.This 747SP was formerly owned by Pan Am, and subsequently United.▲ SOFIA, before make-up▲ SOFIA, after make-upBoeing YAL-1First flight: July 18, 2002This plane was once a 747–400F, before becoming the YAL-1 Airborne Laser. It has an infrared chemical laser mounted on its nose, which was intended to destroy tactical ballistic missiles.▲ This plane gives Rudolph a run for its moneyThe plane successfully destroyed two test missiles. However, it was expensive and not operationally feasible. Hence, it was scrapped in 2014.Boeing E-4First flight: June 13, 1973Number built: 4The E-4 is an airborne strategic command and control post. It is derived from the 747–200B. When in operation, the E-4 is identified as a “National Airborne Operations Center”.This plane is capable of aerial refuelling, and was designed to remain airborne for a week during an emergency.▲ This 747 variant has a hump on top of its hump, which houses an antenna.There are two versions of the model, the E-4A and E-4B. The US Air Force initially had three E-4A planes. In 1979, Boeing delivered a new E-4, with upgraded equipment, which was designated as the E-4B. Thereafter, the E-4A jets were refurbished to become E-4B models.Shuttle Carrier AircraftFirst flight with a space shuttle: February 18, 1977Number converted: 2The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft was designed to transport space shuttles from landing sites back to the launch complex. In 1974, an American Airlines 747–100 was acquired by NASA and turned into the SCA.During the maiden flight with an orbiter, Enterprise, the SCA signNowed a speed of 462 km/h (287 mph), and an altitude of 16,000 feet.In 1988, a 747–100SR was obtained from Japan Airlines and converted into a second SCA.▲ The SCA piggybacking Space Shuttle Enterprise▲ Space Shuttle Endeavour riding on the SCAAfter the conclusion of the space shuttle program, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carried the shuttles from the Kennedy Space Centre to various museums.Thereafter, the SCA were sourced for spare parts that could be reused on SOFIA. Both planes are now preserved at museums.▲ The 747–100 SCA on display at Space Center HoustonJumbohostelFirst night: January 15, 2009This 747–200B was transformed into a hostel.After some additional work, the engine nacelles were turned into small rooms.Let’s move on to some 747 variants that were conceptualised but never built.747 trijetPeriod of study: Late 1960s — Early 1970sBoeing engineers crafted a concept for a 747 trijet to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011, but they realised it was too costly to develop. Boeing engineers figured that making a three-engine version of the 747 would require a redesign of the wings and the vertical stabiliser, along with other hassles that made the concept uneconomical.So, Boeing scrapped the 747 trijet.747–500X/ –600X/ –700XAnnounced: September 2, 1996Boeing proposed three versions of the 747 with longer fuselages as potential competitors to the hypothetical A3XX plane, which would later become the A380.The concept models were to feature an improved wing design taken from the Boeing 777, more landing gear wheels and a new interior design.▲ 747–400 (Top) compared to the 500X and 600XThe 747–600X and –700X were planned to receive longer and wider fuselages, while retaining the existing wing dimensions and landing gear structures. Furthermore, Boeing stated that the –700X would potentially have a capacity of 650 passengers in a typical three-class configuration.The –500X and –600X were offered for sale at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, but they didn’t receive any orders. Thereafter, Boeing axed these three models.Oh and one last variant…747–8 PSPImagined: October 18, 2018The Boeing 747–8 Photoshopped Special Performance is the chubbiest 747 ever.Thanks for viewing.// //If you’re interested to know how the worst aviation accident in history happened, and learn about other mid-air disasters, check out Isaac Low's answer to Have planes crashed into each other?Image sources1st — General Aviation News2nd — Aviation Safety Network3rd — The Pan Am Historical Foundation4th — Vecamspot5th — SOBIFY6th — Wikimedia Commons7th — National Geographic8th — Wikimedia Commons9th — Dennis HKG/Flickr10th — Wikimedia Commons11th — Wikimedia Commons12th — Wikimedia Commons13th — Airliners[.]net14th — Cargo Facts15th — NACOE16th — Airline Reporter17th — Top: Airport-Data[.]com | Bottom: Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives18th — Airlines Inform19th — Left: Sam Chui | Right: Airliners[.]net20th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net21st — Wikimedia Commons22nd — Rohan Patel/Flickr23rd — Wikimedia Commons24th — Air Charter25th — (Thumbnail of YouTube video by akino33 Aviation Video Channel)26th — Wikimedia Commons27th — Airliners[.]net28th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net29th — Wikimedia Commons30th — Wikimedia Commons31st — Wired32nd — Modern Airliners33rd — Wikimedia Commons34th — australianaviation[.]com[.]au35th — JetPhotos36th — indicator[.]gr37th — unilad[.]co[.]uk38th — Defense One39th — Planespotters[.]net40th — The Gazette41st — Wikimedia Commons42nd — Wikimedia Commons43rd — SOFIA Science Centre44th — Wikimedia Commons45th — Wikimedia Commons46th — Wikimedia Commons47th — NASA48th — Wikimedia Commons49th — Amusing Planet50th — Hostelworld[.]com51st — robertcatanescu[.]wordpress[.]com52nd — Simple Flying53rd — Boeing Images54th — Wikimedia Commons (photo edited by me)Note: Due to Quora’s policy, I cannot add the image URL sources in my answer. To view the image links, click here.
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What is the role of each aircraft in Indian Air Force?
TL,DR: The Fighter Jet fleet of the IAF can be divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Sukhoi 30 MKI, Dassault Rafale*Multi Role Aircraft : MiG 21 Bison, MiG 29 UPG, Dassault Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2, HAL Tejas Mk IDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : Jaguar DARIN IIIGround Attack Aircraft : MiG 27The Transport Aircraft fleet of the IAF consists of:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : IL 76, C 17 Globemaster IIIStrategic Air Lift Aircraft : C 130J Super HerculesMid Air Refuellers: IL 78 MKIMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32Light Transport Aircraft : Dornier Do 228Communication and Training Aircraft: Hawker Siddeley HS 748The Rotary wing of the IAF comprises of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26Medium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5Advanced Light Helicopter : HAL DhruvAttack Helicopter : Mil Mi-35, HAL LCH*, HAL RudraLight Utility Helicopter : HAL Cheetah, ChetakThe Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft of the IAF consists of :360 Degree coverage aircraft : Phalcon AEW&C240 Degree coverage aircraft : DRDO NetraThe Trainer Aircraft of the IAF consists of :Basic Trainer Aircraft : Pilatus PC-7 Mk II, HAL HTT 40*Intermediate Jet Trainer : HAL Kiran Mk IIAdvanced Jet Trainer : BAE Hawk Mk 132Caveat: Aircrafts marked with * are in advanced stages of Induction with the IAFA wonderful question, I hope I can do justice to it and the Indian Air Force with my answer.The Fighter jet fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is divided into the following categories:Air Superiority Aircraft : Undoubtedly India owns one of the finest jets in Asia at the moment. The Sukhoi 30 MKI is a wonderful plane with avionics integrated into the air frame from 5 countries. The role of this plane is to gain superiority by driving out enemy jets in an area dominated by an adversary so IAF may carry out its secondary tasks like insertion of the Garuda Commandos to attack air bases of the adversary. The Su 30 MKI are slated to be modified with new AESA radars which will increase its enemy tracking and engaging capabilities manifold. Some Su 30 MKI are being modified to carry the supersonic BrahMos Air to Surface Cruise Missiles. India has identified the Su 30 MKI as a platform to carry Nuclear Weapons should there be a need to fire one.Sukhoi 30 MKI of the IAFMulti Role Aircraft : When the IAF did induct the MiG 21, it was intended to be used an interceptor, to strike kills against other aircraft and strategic air borne assets of the enemies like the Bombers, Para-trooping transport aircraft and much later AWACK’s and Air to Air refuellers. However, with the Bison update the planes has now become a Multi Role Aircraft capable of performing a plethora of operations.MiG 21 Bison of the IAFLikewise, the MiG 29 was inducted to fill the role of an Air Dominance aircraft, operating much before the IAF bought the Su 30 MKI’s. With the UPG update including a bigger fuel tank, extended range, all weather operations, improved radar and sensor suite, the MiG 29 UPG is a redefined aircraft to the core.The MiG 29 of the IAF being modified to the UPG Standard in Russia. Notice the curved bump behind the cockpit which houses a fuel tank to increase the jet’s rangeMirage 2000H, arguably the best fighter jet to have flown with the IAF before the Su 30 MKI’s performs a similar role. The Mirage 2000H has been upgraded to the 2000–5 Mk 2 standard with new engines, Radar along with a better armament package. The Mirages along with the Su 30 MKI and the yet to be inducted Dassault Rafale comprise the core of the Airborne Nuclear Strike Platforms of India.Mirage 2000–5 Mk 2 of the IAF. Please note this snap is of the upgraded Mirage 2000 Trainer AircraftThe Tejas is expected to fill in the void left by the retirement of the MiG 21 Bison and its variants in the years to come. The aircraft is leagues ahead of the aircraft it is slated to replace, with the more powerful Tejas Mk 1A standard aircrafts featuring an AESA Radar, Elta’s ELM-2052, Air to Air Refueling pod, Self Protection Jammers (SPJ) and the like.Tejas Mk I inducted to the IAF this yearDeep Penetration Strike Aircraft : A truly majestic jet which has been the serving the IAF for long. The Jaguar are tasked to enter the enemy airspace undetected and attack vital enemy installations like Forward landing Air bases, RADAR installations, refueling stations and the like. The HAL is upgrading the planes to the DARIN III Standard, which includes Helmet Mounted Displays, Glass Cockpit, GPS Navigators, new mission computers, avionics like Auto Pilot, Air to Air Refueling and a new plant. The negotiations are on with Honeywell to supply the new engines which are lighter, more fuel efficient and produce more thrust.Jaguar Darin II of the IAFGround Attack Aircraft: The MiG 27 is a swing wing aircraft tasked to supplement the ground infantry units with aerial support. The R 29 powerplant issues have never let the IAF use these planes to its full potential with many planes and pilots lost in crashes. These planes are slated to be put out of service at the earliest.MiG 27 of the IAFIn the past, the IAF used to fly the dedicated Reconnaissance aircraft like the MiG 25 Foxbat and bomber aircraft like the English Electric Canberra. These planes have had a stellar contribution in the wars India has fought since it’s independence.EDIT 1 : As suggested by Rejish Menon I am going to expand the scope of my answer to beyond the fighter jet fleet of the IAF.The Transport Aircraft Fleet of the IAF:Heavy Air Lift Cargo Aircraft : Ilyushin IL 76 forms the backbone of the IAF Heavy Transport Fleet having provided yeoman service for more than 30 years. There has been news that India is going to upgrade the 17 IL 76 it has to the IL 476 standard that will see the life of the aircraft extended by 15 years having new avionics, more powerful yet fuel efficient engines and obviously a better payload carrying capacity. The Boeing C 17 Globemaster III is rather a recent acquisition of the IAF having more payload carrying capacity than the older IL 76. Another feature of the C 17 is that it can land on unprepared runways and requires a shorter landing and takeoff distance due to features like Thrust Reversal and better engines. India wanted to buy more of the C 17’s, but the production line was stopped in 2015, hence India would have to settle for second hand C 17’s from friendly countries if it wants to increase its fleet from the present 10 aircraft.IL 76 of the IAFC 17 Globemaster III in service with the IAFStrategic Airlift Aircraft : The Lockheed Martin C 130 J Super Hercules is a monster of an aircraft. It is very versatile and is built to sustain adversity. It also has features like Thrust reversal enabling it land on the unprepared runways of India’s ALG’s in the North East. The IAF has used the C130 J’s in situations where it would have been very difficult to operate the older An-32 aircraft namely in the Uttarakhand Flood crisis and the Nepal Earthquake.C 130 J Super Hercules of the IAFMid Air Refuellers : IL 78 MKI is the Air to Air refuelling platform of the IAF, extending the range of its fighters jet so that they may be able to strike deep in the enemy territory if the need be. The IAF has 7 of these aircraft in its inventory.IL 78 MKI of the IAF refueling two Su 30 MKI’s of the IAFMedium Cargo Aircraft : Antonov An-32 has been the linchpin of the IAF for quite some time now providing medium cargo lift capabilities. The aircraft is also used to para-trooping and bombing missions. The IAF has over 100 of these planes in number and all of them are being upgraded to achieve a longer life with new engines, navigation system and avionics.Upgraded An-32 of the IAFLight Transport Aircraft : I think the name is self explanatory, Dornier Do 228 is used as a light transport aircraft to ferry personnel around. Its is also used to search and rescue operations in the IAF and the IN.Do 228 in service with the IAFThe Rotary wing of the IAF consists of :Heavy Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-26 is the largest helicopter build to date. The IAF has bought 4 of them, while 1 has crashed. The remaining 3 helo’s are at the end of their service life and are in need of an immediate upgrade. These helicopters are capable of carrying a payload equal to that of a c 130 J Super Hercules. There has been little clarity as to what the IAF plans to do with these Helo’s. Slated to be replaced with the CH 47F Chinook’s when they enter service. The Chinook’s though not capable of lifting very heavy payloads like the Mi-26, will give the IAF a boost in the Strategic Airlifting operations owing to its high degree of maneuverability and lower Radar Signature.The largest helicopter ever built: Mil Mi-26 operating in the mountainous regions of IndiaMedium Airlift Helicopter : Mil Mi-17 v5 is the mainstay of the IAF’s Helicopter fleet and is used for a plethora of missions replacing the older Mil Mi-8 helicopters in service with the IAF. The helicopter is extensively used in Search And Rescue (SAR) and counter insurgency operations as well.The latest Mi-17 v5 of the IAFLight Helicopters : The HAL Dhruv, Cheetah and Chetak form an important wing of the IAF. HAL Dhruv, the indigenous helicopter supplements the larger Mi 17’s in its task. The SARANG Helicopter display team also consists of the Dhruv’s. The other two are used for training, rescue and light transport roles including in the high altitude regions. Eventually to be replaced by the Kamov ka-226 and the HAL LUH.HAL Dhruv’s operating in the Nepal earthquake relief operations. Please appreciate the skills of our brave airmen who have landed the Helicopter in such an adverse terrain for an Evacuation operationDhruv’s of the SARANG helicopter Display TeamHAL Chetak of the IAFThe soon to be inducted HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) during its first flight in 2016Attack Helicopter : The Mil Mi-35 was the first Attack helicopter to be inducted into the IAF capable of acting as both as a transport and a gunship helo capabling of inserting the Garuda commandos and providing them over head cover. The disadvantage is that it is not built to operate in the High Altitude regions and hence was not used in the Kargil war where the IAF had to do with the armored and weaponised version of the Mi 17. The Mi 17’s were sitting ducks to the Pakistani Manpads. The Mil Mi-35 are to be replaced by the AH-64 E Apache Attack Helicopters. Further, India has transferred four Mi-35 to its allies, The Afghan Air Force in 2016 to assist the Afghan Security Forces.Hence, a requirement was drawn to build attack helo which would operate in the high altitude regions of India. Thus, the HAL Light Combat helicopter (LCH) was born. It is to be inducted into the IAF in a couple of year’s time. The HAL Rudra is the weaponised version of the HAL Dhruv.The LCH and the Rudra are used for anti-tank operations, close air support to ground forces as a battlefield scout and possibly for anti-surface vessel warfare in the future.The Mil Mi-35. Notice the Low Capacity transport compartment behind the cockpitHAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) during it’s High Altitude trialsThe third prototype of the HAL LCHHAL Rudra with it’s weapon complementEDIT 2: The “Eyes in the skies” of the IAF. The Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft of the IAF consist of :Phalcon AEW&C : One of the most advanced AEW&C in the world now, it consists of an the EL/W-2090 AESA (Active Electronic Scanned Array) Radar mounted on a Russian A-50 platform which is based on the IL 76 design. With a coverage on 360 degrees and a range of 500 Km these radars can track upto 100 targets simultaneously. These operations are supported by the onboard ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) and ECCM (Electronic Counter Counter Measures) systems for electronic warfare. The IAF currently three of these aircraft with two more placed on order.A Phalcon AEW&C flying in formation with three MiG 29’s of the IAFDRDO Netra : It is India’s first indigenous Air borne radar to join the IAF ( Not to be confused with the quadrotor developed by DRDO). Not as potent as its elder brother, the Phalcon these aircraft are aimed to supplement the bigger aircraft as well as giving the Indian scientists an opportunity at making an indigenous AESA Radar. The aircraft has a 240 degree coverage area with a range of 300 Km. Even with the reduced operational parameters formidable gains in detection ranges are can be achieved across the Himalayan Ranges on the northern borders where Radar Units can’t be located due to the inhospitable terrain.The indigenous DRDO NetraEDIT 3: Introducing the Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF,The Trainer Aircraft Fleet of the IAF consists of:Basic Trainer Aircraft : The IAF currently uses the Pilatus PC-7 Mk II as its Basic Trainer Aircraft (BTA). The PC-7 replaced the indegenous HAL HPT-32 Deepak aircraft in service with the IAF after there were widespread concern about the flight safety of the Deepak’s. The IAF plans to augment its BTA fleet with the addition of the indegenous HAL HTT-40 BTA which had its inaugral flight last month.Pilatus PC-7 Mk II of the IAFThe first flight of the HAL HTT-40 BTAIntermediate Jet Trainer : The IAF uses the indegenous Kiran Mk II aircraft as the Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT). In the early 1980’s, the IAF used to deploy the Polish Iskra and the HAL kiran Mk I airacraft for the Intermediate and Advanced Jet Training sorties. However, the Iskra’s were susceptible to stall while going on for more than one Spin. Hence, the IAF used the Kiran aircraft for the spin sorties while the Iskra was reserved for the applied combat sorties. The Iskra’s had been decommisioned long ago with the BAE Hawk Mk 132 filling its shoes. The Kiran Mk II version continues to fly strong. The HAL HJT-36 Sitara project was supposed to replace the Kiran aicraft but there are still too many issues to be solved in the Sitara, with the IAF loosing interest in the peoject as time passes by.A Kiran aircraft, formerly a part of the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)The aerobatic team of the IAF and IN, the Surya Kiran and the Sagar Pawan were associated with the Kiran aircraft. The Sagar Pawan team still flies on the Kiran while the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) are flying the Hawk AJT nowadays. This was done as the IAF had to disbandon the team as there was shortage of the Kiran for Intermediate Jet Training purposes. The Sitara was supposed to replace the Kiran in the SKAT as well but given its spin and stall issues, it was decided to keep the team's legacy alive by using the Hawk Mk 132 AJT.The SKAT in a nine aircraft formation with the Kiran aircraftHAL HJT-36 Sitara IJT, an aircraft beset by design deficienciesAdvanced jet Trainer : The BAE Hawk Mk 132 is used to impart advanced combat and applied weapons training to the cadets. The Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) stage was added in order to bridge the lacunae between handling the Supersonic aircraft in service with the IAF and the subsonic aircraft on which the cadets are being trained. This training aimed to reduce the cases of Pilot Error as the Hawk aircraft is capable of manoeuvring in Transonic and Supersonic speeds (only in cases where the aircraft is going in a dive, else the aircraft can go Transonic in level flight). HAL has also signed an MoU with BAE Systems to develop a weaponised version of the Hawk, to serve as a Close Combat Support aircraft having limited Air to Air capabilities as well.The BAE Hawk Mk 132 AJT in service with the IAFThe IAF has resurrected the SKAT in 2015 with six of these aircraft in its inventory, replacing the Kiran Mk II Trainer Aircraft formerly in service with the team.A BAE Hawk Mk 132 aircaft with the IAF’s Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team's new liveryIn addition to the three stage aircraft training imparted by the IAF, it also conducts aircraft specific training for its pilots. The IAF has Units like the MiG Operational Flying Training Unit or MOFTU, which imparts training to the young pilots on the MiG 21 aircaft which has a reputation of very high speed landings and take-off. This is done to aclimatize the pilots to the unforgiving supersonic MiG’s of the IAF.I would fail in my duty if I don't mention our courageous Pilots and tireless Technicians who keep our rotors churning, jets running all year long. These machines are nothing without the men behind them.JAI HIND !
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Which is better, Russian Sukhoi PAK FA T-50 or the US F-22 Raptor? Why?
There are a number of reasonable statements that can be made to compare these jets.Keeping things fairly simple, we can say:1) The F-22 should be stealthier, by a good margin from the front and by a very large margin from the sides. 2) The eventual production standard PAK FA should have some degree of a maneuverability advantage over the F-22, owing to assumed advantages in thrust/weight ratio and the fact that PAK FA thrust vectoring is planned to be 3 dimensional rather than 2. (This assumes that Russia succeeds in developing a next-generation engine, beyond the 117, and that western assumptions about the weight of the aircraft are correct. Initial production versions using the 117 engine will likely be more closely matched, kinematically, with the Raptor.)3) The Raptor should have a substantially better radar system, to some extent because of superior technology, but especially because of presumptive advantages in software development and computing power due to America's long history of superior defense electronics and generally world-leading tech sector. (These advantages are perishable, obviously, but it will likely be many years before they are overcome.)4) The Raptor will probably have an advantage in other information areas as well, such as radar warning, electronic warfare, and data fusion, mostly for the same reasons mentioned above. 5) The jets might turn out to be similar in their altitude and supercruise capabilities, but from today's perspective it seems likely that the PAK FA will probably trail the F-22 somewhat in this area, with a supercruise capability somewhat lower than the Mach 1.8 of the F-22. Certainly the burden of proof will fall on the PAK FA in this area, to show that it can rival the Raptor.6) The PAK FA will have an electro-optical sensor, whereas the F-22 does not. 7) F-22 networking will probably be better, once again thanks to the American tech sector.So where does all this leave the question of which is better? Well, it all depends on how you think future air combat will work....Factual comparisons of aircraft (or estimates) don't automatically yield results about which is better, but instead must be interpreted via general opinions about the kinds of tactics and technologies that might work best. If you are a believer in the by-now traditional 4th generation theories of energy maneuverability, you might think that the PAK FA will probably end up being somewhat better. If you're more in the camp of favoring stealth and information, you should conclude that the Raptor will be better. (All of this as regards air-to-air, which is all I've been concerned with in this post...)Of course, to have any REAL knowledge of anything, you'd have to understand the whole of the battlespaces these aircraft would be working in, of which the attributes of the fighters themselves might be of less relevance than you'd think. (Example: if an adversary can blow up all your airfields easily, the attributes of your jets are quite irrelevant!)
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How did the University of Göttingen become such a magnet for talented people in the 19th and early 20th century?
My interest in this issue derives from the fact that my parents studied in Göttingen and I spent my childhood there. The university was always a topic of conversation at the dining table. I will try to answer this question, but I apologize now if I do not convince you of my views.First, the Georg August University of Göttingen has been a source of inspiration for many very smart and talented scientists of different faculties in its 274 year history. The founding of the University of Göttingen in 1736 was performed by Georg II August, who was King George II of Great Britain and Ireland (since 1714), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-elector of Hanover. The first "Spiritus rectus" was the Hanoverian Minister, Baron von Münchausen, who with the Georgia Augusta University created a new type of college: it was used to further the aims of the Enlightenment. Therefore, scientific research was liberated from theological censorship and academic teaching produced great value. Münchausen created new professorships to the university, called distinguished scientists, that sponsored the establishment of a library that was unique at that time. The students were also able to access the library.Its importance and meaning in the 18th centuryAmong the great number of the sometimes famous scholars that were called to Göttingen include, for example, the Swiss physician, naturalist and poet Albrecht von Haller (whose period of teaching was 1736-1756), and who obtained his doctorate from the most signNow physician of the time, Herman Boerhaave in Leiden, Holland. (Institutiones medicae in usum annuae exercitationis, Leiden 1708)Herman Boerhaave Others were the theologian and orientalist Johann David Michaelis (1746-1791 periode of teaching), the ancient scientist and director of the University Library Christian Gottlob Heyne (1763-1812), the mathematics and astronomer Tobias Mayer (1723-1762), physicist, philosopher and writer Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1770-1799) and the publisher and historian August Ludwig von Schlötzer (1769-1809).A major reason for the success and advancement of Göttingen to a scientific center with European significance was the Acadamy of Science, whose guiding principle was 'Fecundat et ornat'. This academy was founded in 1751.While universities, which functioned as teaching institutions, generally remained strictly separate from colleges and research institutes, at Göttingen, the personnel from both institutions were closely linked from the beginning. Academic research and university teaching were integrated to enrich each other directly and immediately from the start.Albrecht von Haller led the Department of anatomy, surgery and botany at Göttingen. In his term, the botanical garden was created and he became the personal physician of King George II. His writings shaped the thought of his period into were influential in the 19th century sustainable. Haller is the founder of modern experimental physiology. Primae lineae physiologiae. 1747; Opuscula sua anatomica: De respiratione de monstris aliaque minora. 1751; De partibus corporis humani sensilibus et irritabilibus. 1752; Icones anatomicae 1756; Elementa physiologiae corporis humani. 8 Volumes, 1757–1766 Onomatologia medica completa Frankfurt am Main & Leipzig 1758 Medicinisches Lexicon Albrecht von Haller was one of the most productive correspondents of the 18th century. He had more than 12,000 letters addressed to him and had 17,000 written by him. He was the founder of the Botanical Garden, the Anatomical Theatre, the Academy of Drawing and the Maternity School of the University of Göttingen.Tobias Mayer (1751-1762) chair of economy and mathematics was a astronomer famous for his studies of the Moon.His first important astronomical work was a careful investigation of the libration of the moon (Kosmographische Nachrichten, Nuremberg, 1750), and his chart of the full moon (published in 1775) was unsurpassed for half a century.But his fame rests chiefly on his lunar tables, communicated in 1752, with new solar tables to the Royal Society of Sciences and Humanities at Göttingen. In 1754 he became superintendent of the observatory, where he worked until his death in 1752.For his work (Theoria Lunae juxta systema Newtonianum 1767 published in London) the calculation of longitude, he received posthumously by the British Parliament (Board of Longitude) a prize of £ 3,000. It was the dedication and superb contacts of the director Christoph Gottlob Hyne (1763-1812) that brought about the excellent reputation of the University Libary. In 1799 he bought the estate of Johann Georg Forster, who with his father had accompanied James Cook on his second circumnavigation (1772-1775). So, for example, the important anthropological collections gathered from the South Sea have been an attraction and resource for scholars and students since the end of the 18th century. The Göttingen Cook-Forster Collection is one of the most important collections of South Sea Enthographica found anywhere in the world.Worthy of mention George Christoph Lichtenberg. He studied from 1763-1766 at the University. After two study trips that took him to England and brought him in contact with George and Johann Reinhold Forster. In 1770, he became the first German professor of experimental physics and since 1793 he was a member of the Royal Society in London. His influence was great and sustainable. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo...)The prominent role of the Georgia Augusta University did not arise from the particular geographical location (51° 32′ 2″ N, 9° 56′ 8″ E) of the city, located in the valley of the small river Leine and between the foothills of the Harz in the north-east and Solling in the west. Göttingen is a provincial town, with a rural population; the weekly market with the 'Gänsellieselbrunnen' at the center of the medieval town.Its importance and meaning in the 19th centuryThe time of the 19th century is closely associated with the name of Carl Friedrich Gauss. He was the outstanding mathematician and belonged to the university from 1807 until his death in 1855. Gauss created with his activities and studies the nucleus for the development of an astronomical and mathematical 'hot-spot' in Göttingen.'Carl Friedrich Gauss, one of the greatest mathematicians of human history, was a professor in Göttingen astronomy. The far-flung investigations of Gauss determine in many ways the present. An example of this is the first working electromagnetic telegraph that he and Wilhelm Weber in 1833 installed by Paul's Church'-Göttingen-'to the observatory. This created a basis for electronic data transmission, which signNowly influenced in the form of fax, SMS and internet our lives today.''A highly evocative coincidence - it could be a coincidence? - was that in the same year 1833 a seventeen-year-old rabbi's son from Kassel went to Göttingen, just to start a bank training. This was Israel Beer Josephat (called Paul Julius Reuter) using the Gauss-Weber's invention, it receive worldwide glory when he built up a global news agency (Reuters), in London 1855.'Carl-Friedrich Gauss was an infant prodigy and an exceptionally gifted mathematician. At the age of just 21, he wrote a textbook of mathematics - 'Disquisittiones Arithmeticae' - published 1801. (http://www.math.uni-goettingen.d... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car...)His influence and impact was extraordinary and he himself answered the question posed above, regarding the importance of Göttingen. He was the fountain where a lot of students could satisfy their thirst for knowledge.In the middle of the 19th century, the railway network was installed (1854), which now connects the provincial town with the rest of the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund 1815-1866).The scientists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Wilhelm Weber, Bernhard Riemann and Friedrich Wöhler were the founders of the modern natural sciences. Ultimately, they established Göttingen's worldwide reputation as a mathematical and scientific center (1880-1933).Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch politician and statesman of Liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century.In 1848 he virtually singlehandedly drafted the revision of the Constitutution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king, and more to the States-General of the Netherlands. In 1823 -24 he became a lecturer at the University of Göttingen and published here his philosophy of history work "About the nature and the organic character of history".Its importance and meaning in the 20th centuryAt the end of the 19th century, with the establishment of the Prussian university system, the University of Göttingen developed into a center for mathematics and physics. Besides government initiatives, there were also private foundations, such as the "Göttingen Association for the Advancement of Applied Physics and Mathematics", which is founded in 1898.Emil Johann Wiechert (1861–1928) was a German geophysicist.In 1897 Emil Wiechert worked at the University of Göttingen, where he received in 1898 the reputation of the world's first Department of Geophysics. After completion of the newly established Institute of Geophysics at the grove hill above Göttingen Wiechert began in 1901 with the construction of the currently much in-use seismic observatory.1898 he was named professor of geophysics and Director of the Geophysical Laboratory at Göttingen. He became a full professor at the institution in 1905, and would remain there for the remainder of his career. Emil Wiecher founded the seismology and the earthquake observatory in Göttingen. Wiechert was discovered in 1899 the first horizontal seismograph. Göttingen also hosts today the oldest seismographic archive.1903 Emil Wiechert, a founder of the International Association of Seismology, emerged from today's International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI).Emil WiechertIn the first half of the century, no other university had as many Nobel prizes awarded (since 1901) as Göttingen: Robert Koch (1905 for Medici), Rudolf Eucken (1908 for Literature), Iljja Metschnikov and Paul Ehrlich (1908 for Medici), Otto Wallach (1910 for Chemistry), W.C.Werner Wien (1911 for Physic), Max von Laue (1914 for Physic).Robert KochPaul EhrlichIlja MetschnikovThe Göttingen Nobel Prize winners came mainly from the fields of physics and chemistry and to a lesser extent from medicine and other disciplines.In 1900 many new institutions were founded, such as the Institute of Physics, Applied Electrical Science, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Physical Chemistry and Geophysics. With the new institutions established, the physical chemistry combined with the names of Walther Hermann Nernst (1929 for Chemistry), James Franck and Gustav Hertz (1925 for physic), Richard A.Zsigmondy (1925 for Chemestry) A.O.Reinhold Windaus (1928 for chemestry).Walther Herman NernstIn 1920 James Franck was appointed professor of experimental physics at the University of Göttingen, where he worked with his students, Max Born and Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Edward Condon, Fritz Houtermans, Hans Kopfermann, Kroebel Werner, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Robert Oppenheimer, and Friedrich Hund, Eugene Rabinowitch came into contact with him. One of his employees was the physicist Hertha Sponer. Franck in Göttingen was director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics.James Franck From 1921 to 1933 Max Born was professor of theoretical physics in Göttingen. Here he developed among others, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, and Friedrich Hund large parts of modern quantum mechanicsMax Born (NP for physic 1954 Princeton)Max Born developed the school of theoretical physicists in Göttingen which was attended by many foreign travelers and physicist. His students include Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Victor Weisskopf, Robert Oppenheimer, Siegfried Flügge, Friedrich Hund, Pascual Jordan, Maurice Pryce (Princeton), Herbert Green (in Edinburgh).Robert OppenheimerThe time between the two world wars is described as the "Golden Age" of the mathematical and physical sciences in Göttingen. They are the leading figures in mathematics, physics, medicine and chemistry and justifies the international reputation of the university.This ended with the takeover of power by the National Socialists in 1933.Max Born, Georg Bothe, Richard Courant, James Franck, Victor Moritz Goldschmidt, Emmy Noether were forced to emigrate or were dismissed from the scientific community. For example Emmy Noether (modern algebra and Noether's theorem) was still the most signNow female mathematician, she received as a guest professorship at the Women's College Bryn Mawr in Pennsylvanian. Unfortunately, she died in 1935.http://www.math.uni-goettingen.d...http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/2...In the second half of the century,the university benefited from the fact that Göttingen was not destroyed by bombing the city. Göttingen became the first university in Germany, capable of delivering teaching after world war II. Max von Laue returned from exile and works with Otto Hahn (1944 NP for Chemistry), Max Planck (NP 1918 for physics) and Werner Heisenberg (NP 1932 for physics) at the University.In addition, the university 'is connected with the resumes of more than forty Nobel prize winners.Twelve of them have been awarded the Nobel prize for the very research conducted during their time in Göttingen.'Max von Laue 1959Otto Hahn 1965Werner HeisenbergReferring again to the question asked, many extraordinary smart inventors and scientist, as I have named, were included in the structure and the excellent facilities of teaching at the Georg Augusta University of Göttingen.Yet the list of outstanding scientists are not complete, some are even self still been unknown to me while writing the answer and thanks to an attentive reader (Joachim Pense) now listed with, such as @David Hilbert (1895-1930 Prof.of Mathematics, keep looking at the list of doctoral students !! (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da...)http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wer...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emm...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3...Peter Aufgebauer: Die Anfänge der Sternkunde in GöttingenFinally,what is Göttingen's effect and influence? A master that binds his students, is revered by them, praised and cited. The sustainability of the impact is can only be detected over generations, as Herman Boerhaave, Carl-Friedrich Gauss and Werner Heisenberg have demonstrated. Her students determined the spirit and later the research. What would be Princeton without Einstein?
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How would the F-35 perform in air to air combat against modern Russian fighters?
Not very well because it’s not primarily intended for air-to-air combat but instead as a ground strike fighter in conjunction with the F-22. The series of upgrades made to the variants of the F-35 include improvements to the radar, IRST, joint helmet mounted cuing system or JHMCS and imagery from six infra red cameras giving the pilot full visibility, which do enhance air combat capability.But the F-35’s inherent limitations; poor dog fight performance, internal hard points of only four missiles, mediocre range and maximum speed of only Mach 1.6 means it will be dominated by even older generation fighters, let alone modern Russian fighters.StealthThe radar cross section information of the F-35 remains classified but the seemingly optimistic estimates from Lockheed and USAF of 0.001m2 or comparable to a “metal golf ball” are influenced by the need for funding, export and military propaganda. These estimates shouldn’t be considered as fact, but it already doesn’t seem to make the F-35 invulnerable to radar based weapons although certainly more capable than the Sea Harrier.An RCS figure of 0.001m2 amounts to a definitive advantage in detection and situational awareness. The F-35 can fly undetected by radar up to about 40km from majority of 4th generation fighters, which is also the distance an aircraft could be seen by the naked eye on a good whether.Despite being limited to only four BVR missiles, the F-35 should be able to fly close enough to force a flight of enemy fighters into defensive and with good tactics, be able to destroy a number of them. But the prospect of F-35’s approaching within AMRAAM’s effective range undetected is dicey. They could be identified visually, via IRST systems like the OLS-27 which has a detection range of 50km head on and 90km from the rear or by ground radar stations.The kill probability of the AMRAAM and other modern BVR missiles is sensitive to range. A missile’s agility diminishes with speed and a longer ETA time offers the targeted pilot more opportunity to employ electronic jamming, chaff, ground clutter and terrain masking.NIIP AESA L-Band antenna installed in wing leading edgeThe bore sight of leading edge antennasNIIP N035 Irbis-E Azimuth coverageFor 4.5 generation fighters with state of the art radar, the detection range against RCS figure of 0.001m2 is doubled to about 80km. This still constitutes a smaller disadvantage in detection range.F-35’s AN/AAQ-37 electro-optical Distributed Aperture SystemAmong them are the Su-35S and Su-50/Su-57 which are equipped with UHF/L-band antennas installed on the wing and vertical fin leading edges, as well as a secondary rear facing radar. These radar systems are specialized for small RCS targets. While the exact distances that these radar systems would be able to detect an RCS figure of 0.001m2 is also classified, it should be signNowly longer than that of the Rafale’s RBE2, Euro-fighter Typhoon’s Captor-E, F/A-18E’s APG-79 and MiG-35’s Zhuk-AE which doesn’t benefit from additional antennas.All Aspect Stealth and Long Range FirepowerThe Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and Indian variant designated Su-50 is an all aspect air superiority fighter like the F-22. The Chinese J-20 stealth fighter, based on foreign analysis, is not ultra agile but with a higher maximum speed and longer range is suited for fighter-interceptor tactics of BVR engagement followed by egression. The role of interceptor is more feasible for a stealth aircraft than that of a fighter.Existing variants of the Su-50There are analysts who claim the F-22 and F-35 possess smaller RCS, and counter claims by Russian and Chinese analysts to the contrary. It’s likely that these stealth fighters do not differ signNowly in radar stealth. It’s my opinion that RCS estimates ranging from 0.3–0.1m2 are more realistic than 0.001m2.China also possesses the most effective long range missiles of 400km class like the VLRAAM. It features an AESA seeker head like the R-77M, radar's large size about 300-400% larger than that of most long range air-to-air missile and digital adaptability makes it highly effective against distant and stealthy targets, and resilient against jamming and chaff decoying.The VLRAAM uses an Electro-Optical seeker, like the IRST device mounted on some aircraft, as a back up guidance system. It differs from traditional infra red seeker heads with a greater range of about 30km head-on, 55km from the rear. This guidance type is used in other medium and short range missiles like the PL-10E, for it’s anti-stealth capability.By comparison to the Russian equivalent R-37, the missile can go active from a longer distance but it doesn’t feature relaxed static stability flight and vectored nozzle. Instead it uses lateral thrust to improve terminal maneuverability. It could be easier to out-maneuver due to the missile’s weight than the R-37, the only unstable missile in service.The air-breathing Meteor MBDA ramjet missile could give the F-22 a similar exploitation of stealth advantage but it’s currently not in use by USAF. It’s unclear if the F-35’s internal bays have enough volume to mount missiles of this class.Electronic Counter MeasuresThe Su-35S, Su-30SM and it's export variants, and other modernized Flankers are distinguished for longer transmitting range of ECM pods which greatly enhances combat survivability. The KNIRTI SAP-518 particularly has a quite sophisticated method of DRFM attack. Such jamming may nullify the F-35’s detection advantage by presenting false information as well as reducing radar lock range and ability to maintain lock.The MiG-35's MSP-418 ECM pod has a shorter range and lacks simultaneous listening and jamming capability from several directions, but has similar DRFM jamming technology. It's equally effective at interfering with missile’s midcourse guidance. The exact effect these ECM's have on enemy radar performance is impossible to ascertain at the present because they are classified.Additionally, the MiG-31BM interceptor also stands out with a 1,500kg Zalson-M capable of locking a stealthy Kh-55 cruise missile with RCS of 0.0001m2 at 90km.MiG-31M/BM Zalson-M, radar lock at 48nm/88km on a 0.0001m2 target.Co-developer of the F-16 and the F-35 Pierre Sprey voices the tactical infeasability of stealth for an air-superiority fighter. In theory, the radar beams would also have to operate in stealth as would missiles approaching a target. Neither case is true with existing technology. Although a flight of F-35’s can track hostile bogies from a distance, the pilots of the queried aircraft would alerted through radar warning receiver systems.The stellar attribute of the F-22 — its invisibility on enemy radar due to a computer-aided stealth design — is a “myth,” Sprey said. That is because in order to locate the enemy beyond visual range, the Raptor (like every other fighter) must turn on its own radar, immediately betraying its location.Low probability of intercept radars or LPI are subject to range. Only the most rudimentary RWR systems would fail to detect tracking and lock by an LPI radar altogether. The situational awareness of F-35 crew would be compromised by opposing force becoming aware of their presence, with bearing of their location.As for the IRST on board the F-35, it is a generation ahead of the OLS-27 used by older Su-27 variants but not signNowly better than the Su-30SM’s OLS-30 and those employed by more modern fighters. The F-35 doesn’t feature any heat signature reducing measures like the F-22 and the heat conductive radar absorbent material on the outer skin actually makes it more visible.The F-22’s radar absorbent coating is almost as bright as the after burner plumes as shown in this infra red camera. Lower right hand shows a still sizzling F-22 shortly after landing.The F-35’s weaponry is also neither stealth nor practically effective from the aircraft’s stealth threshold based on an estimate of 0.001m2. A missile’s no escape zone is of course subject to target’s kinematic performance. It’s probability of kill is also subject to target’s maneuvering capacity, as well as use of mechanical decoys, electronic attack and ground clutter. A missile launch against a fast and agile aircraft from BVR or 37km+ will force it to turn away temporarily and or test the pilot’s maneuvering skills but will more than likely miss.As for the F-35, it isn’t particularly fast or agile neither is it equipped with a long range jamming suite. By comparison to modern fighters in service, the F-35 presumably has inferior survivability against semi or active radar homing missiles once it is within range.
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Which tank is preferred by the Indian Army Tank Crew, Arjun or T-90?
A Crew will always prefer a tank which-Gives a comfortable stayEasy to operateProvides more protection, high chance of survivabilitySo let's compare Arjun and T 90 bhishma on these terms…….Comfort- Arjun is a larger battle tank as compared to T 90. Although Arjun operate with 4 crew members (T 90 - 3 crew members) but then also Arjun is comparatively more comfortable. T 90s are not primarily designed to operate in the harsh heat conditions of Rajasthan, so it lacks in air conditioning, equipment cooling and other crew comfort systems as compared to Arjun.Easy operation- T 90 is totally based on older T 72 design or we can say that it's a modified version of older T 72. But Arjun is a whole new innovation integrated with advanced operating solutions which are more user friendly, during driving and firing as well.Protection- The commander/driver on a T-90 is a roast if its hit , Arjun has blow up panel and ammos are stored seperately which prevents spontanous combustion when hit. Arjun consists of more heavy armor so provide better survivability on hit as compared to T 90.Mighty Arjun Mk 2So Finally we can say that Arjun is more comfortable tank for spending time in harsh ambiance. It is more modern and easy to operate. That's why it is also called as desert Ferrari.Flying T 90It doesn't mean that T 90 Bhishma is inferior to Arjun, when it comes to Tank Warfare situation T 90 have its own advantages, which need not to be discussed here (sticking to the asked question).Any queries ………….. please comment.
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What are the valid facts in the NGT v/s Art of Living case?
This is height of hypocracy and believing themselves to be above law .What is the difference between ShriShri Ravishankar from the so called DABANGS of Bihar and UP who flout law openly and brazenly.Please do not start with comparison proving difference between the two.He is a renowned man with million of followers this hypocracy and behaviour puts him in a wrong colour and picture.If people like him are so brazen in not sticking to their commitments what kind of message does his act convey in general masses and his followers in particular.This is the difference between as real sadhu and teacher and a pseudo sadhu and teacher.The real teacher leads by example and put a very correct picture of himself to his followers.he is not a teacher and there is no difference between the people who indulge in crime but brazen it out and he who with his WCF raped the flood plains of Yamuna, promised to pay the nominal fine imposed by NGT on the eve of the festival and got approval on condition that the fine will be paid after the festival but has since refused to stick to his commitment.He is trying to be a states man by writing to ISIS and they joked about his naivety by sending him a picture of beheaded man.There are some question which should be asked :A. How does he know ISIS.B. Why did he corrosponded with them.C. Who or whose behalf did he write this letter.D. Did GOI appointed him as incoluter with ISIS .E. What is his standing among Arabs and supporters of ISIS .F. Is he looking for a active political role with GOI.G. Should not NIA question him on his relationships inside ISIS high command?H. On relationship with person to whom the letter was addressed?.I . If he wrote directly to Bagdadi and Bagdadi replied to him then it really becomes a case for thorough investigation by intelligence agencies across the globe because there is no intelligence available on Bagdai, his movements, and his place of stay and his permanent postal address.I. He should voluntarily cooperate with intelligence agencies and share details of Bagdadi it may help in eliminating Bagdadi.
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