Create Teams, Rename Document and eSignature

The Personal Cost of exploring the Kashmir Issue - for this American writer…On the cold wintry night of December 16, 2012, a young medical student was gang raped on a moving bus by 6 men in the city of New Delhi. The brutality of the rape shook the soul of the Indian nation. Police action was swift, and the perpetrators were apprehended. The Indian parliament enacted laws to ensure such heinous acts would be met with swift justice and certain punishment. So, what does the Nirbhaya gang rape case of 2012 have to do with the Kashmir issue?There is something deeply distressing in exploring the...

When you write a computer program, think about how you can write your code into chunks that you can later reuse. After writing many programs in the same language you will be armed with a good collection of procedures that can be used in other programs. No need to reinvent the wheel if you store and index them all with a document, spreadsheet or database so that you can refer to it when you come to write a new program. It will save a lot of time and effort. Also, take time to see if other people have solved the issue you are trying to solve, and get their source code if possible. It may not ...

Retail business:No foreign investors are allowed to do business unless register a company, mean have legal identity. Retail business as foreigner is NOT easier now a day unless ensures capital of US 1 million. Provided that, business permission is depend on government body. We have noticed, many foreign investors like to start small business in Sri Lanka but does NOT know that starting small business being foreign investors is complicated unless meet requirement.Whole sale:Without business identity no foreign investor/ foreigner is allowed to do business in Sri Lanka. Yes, wholesale business requirement is NOT like retail business; mean no capital terms and conditions. You may start whole sale business showing capital any amount of your company.Company Registration Sri LankaStarting businessStarting a business may be a dream in Sri Lanka but it could turn into a nightmare if the business doesn’t run properly and the investors lose their asset. On the other hand, they can be devastated for the company’s unforeseen financial loss. The investors who are interested to invest in Sri Lanka for starting a company, they should bear in mind that business assets and liabilities will be separated from each other through registering business.Process of opening a companyIn Sri Lanka, a specific company name will be required during incorporation which bears the identity of the company around the industry and the necessary thing is the investors will need to register for a “Doing Business As” name, also known as a DBA, trade name, or assumed name in Sri Lanka. Another most important thing is when the investors or entrepreneurs form a business, its legal name always defaults to the name of the person or entity that owns the business in case of they don’t choose to rename and register it as a DBA name. A guarantee of protection for the unique business name which is initial task of registering company in Sri Lanka and obtaining Licenses and Permits, register with the Inland Revenue Department and Tax Authorities, opening a bank account or opting for bank facilities for business requirements are the further tasks of registering a company in Sri Lanka.Obtaining approval for registering a NameThose investors who wish to register their company in Sri Lanka must follow the Company Act No. 07 of 2007 which is necessary to get a business name reservation.At the beginning advisor/ secretary shall search the database of the registered companies through information portal of ROC or search manually the books kept on the information counter of ROC to check whether the same name or similar names have been registered or not in the similar industry in Sri Lanka.The next step is to fill the Name search form which is collected from the information counter of the ROC after verifying that the same name is not recorded in the business names registry and they should indicate what the initials stand for in case of the name includes initials.If the investors hand over the form A 16, it will be examined at the public information counter and more information may be requested which depends on the forms have been filled. Besides, if portal is used, this could be done through e-mail.They need to pay Rs. 581 (fees Rs. 500/= + 12% Value Added Tax (VAT) + Processing charges) (only Sampath e-Wallet, Master and Visa cards are accepted) in case of sending a Name search application using portal or another way they can follow which is submitting manually through paying Rs. 560 (Fees Rs. 500/= + 12% VAT) to the Shroff counter at the Department of ROC.There is a database administrator who will run a search for similar names which he will list and submit to the Registrar General of Companies and the verification document of company name should be sent in there.If the name is approved by the authority, the Approval Number can be collected over the information counter of ROC or if sent through the portal will be e-mailed the following day.The investors or applicants should bear in mind the reservation of company name will have the validity of only for a period of 3 months from the date of application in Sri Lanka.In case of limited liability company, investors need to maintain the following steps such as obtain a company name approval which has been mentioned already in details, fill out the forms which are no. 1, 18 and 19 (Form-1 contains registration of the company, Form-18 contains consent and certificate of director, Form-19 contains consent and certificate of secretary) together with two copies of Articles of Association and the most important thing is all forms should be printed or typewritten as hand written forms will not be accepted by the authority.Articles of association set out in the First Schedule except to the extent that the company adopts articles and a company limited by guarantee. The articles of a private company shall include provisions which are stated in the followingprohibit the company from offering shares or other securities which are issued by the company to the public; and number of its shareholders is limited to fifty but such shareholders who are employees of the company, former employees of the company who became shareholders of the company while being employees of such company and who have continued to be shareholders after ceasing to be employees of the company will not be included under this criterion.After that, they should submit the documents which are mentioned above to the information counter to check whether they are in the correct format and submit it to the Shroff counter if it is found in order.The registration fees for the limited liability companies are Rs. 11,200 including VAT (Form 1 – Rs. 10,000/=, Form 18 – Rs. 500/=, Form 19 – Rs.500/=, Articles of Association – Rs. 500/= + 12% VAT) should be maintained in Sri Lanka.Investors provide public notice of its incorporation specifying the name and company number of the company and the address of the company’s registered office within thirty working days of its incorporation under this Act in Sri Lanka.At least one issue of the Gazette and one issue of a daily newssignNow in the Sinhala, Tamil and English (three signNows) languages, circulating in the area should be given in the public notice which represents the place of business of the company.Eligibility for RegistrationAny company which has already been registered outside Sri Lanka subject to the exclusions, limitations and conditions published in the Government Gazette No. 1681/10 of 22nd November 2010 has after the appointed date established a place of business within Sri Lanka and continues to have an established place of business within Sri Lanka on the appointed date, would be eligible to get registered in Sri Lanka.The company should follow the following steps which have already been discussed such as obtain a name approval, a certified copy of the charter, statutes or memorandum and Articles of Association (AOA) of the company or other instruments which helps to constitute or define constitution of the company and the most important thing is where that instrument is not in the official language of Sri Lanka or in English, a translation of that instrument in such language as may be specified by the Registrar.A list of the directors of the company which contains such with respect to the directors as are by the Companies Act No. 7 of 2007 required to be contained with respect to directors in the register of directors of a company in the prescribed manner according to form 45.[3]According to Form 46, the names and addresses of one or more persons resident in Sri Lanka should be authorized to accept on behalf of the company. In the prescribed manner of the form, service of documents and of any notice required to be served on the company.Therefore, according to Form 44, a statement containing the full address of the registered or principal office of the company in the country of origin and the principal place of business of the company within Sri Lanka.A certified copy which should be certified of recent date and any document that affects or evidences the incorporation of the company, a valid Power of Attorney authenticated by the seal of the company authorizing the persons or person resident in Sri Lanka to act on behalf of the company will be eligible to register a company in Sri Lanka.Where an overseas company has established a place of business within Sri Lanka before the appointed date according to the Companies Act No. 17 of nineteen eighty two in relation to the release of signNows.The Registrar may take appropriate steps in terms of the Act to issue notice on the company to register another name.If the document is certified to be a true copy by an official of the government of such foreign country to whose custody the original is committed or a Notary Public of such country or some officer of the company before a person having authority to administer an oath in that country and by the signature or seal of the official, Notary Public or person who is authorized by an official of the Sri Lankan Embassy or High Commissioner in that country.The signatures may be authenticated by the Trade Commissioner; or any representative of the government of Sri Lanka in that country; or any member of the judiciary of that country; or any other person acceptable to the Registrar of Companies if there is no Sri Lankan Embassy in that country.Investors can purchase the prescribed from the department or download it from the website and Rs. 30,000/= will be required for the registration of an overseas company where Rs. 500/= will be required for registering any document. Besides, investors or applicants should bear in mind that 12% VAT is payable on all registration fees in Sri Lanka.An Off-Shore Company in Sri LankaAny Off-Shore Company which wants to be incorporated in Sri Lanka or under the laws of any foreign country may make an application to the Registrar General of Companies. Winding up or liquidation of such company has not commenced, a receiver of the property has not been appointed, there is no scheme or order in force suspending the rights of creditors, in the case of a company incorporated abroad, there is no legal impediment in the country of incorporation to the company engaging in the business of an Off-shore company will be subject to the Registrar. The other important thing is the issue of the certificate of registration will not render defective any legal or other proceedings instituted or to be instituted by organist the company.Grant of Certificate of RegistrationThe issue of a certificate of registration will be subject of such criteria what have been stated above. To grant the certificate of registration, investors should follow the following steps. Initially they should obtain a name approval, deliver a certified copy of the charter, statutes or memorandum and articles of association of the company or other instrument constituting or defining the constitution of the company. The most important thing is that instrument is not in the official language of Sri Lanka or in English, a translation of that instrument in such language as may be specified by the Registrar for the registration purpose. A list of the directors or those managing the affairs of the company, containing their full names, addresses, occupation sand the offices they hold in the company should be provided according to Form 45.

What are some online resources from where I can get cool and progressive Java projects/applications to build? Here are some good ideas for Java projects.TextReverse a String – Enter a string and the program will reverse it and print it out.Pig Latin – Pig Latin is a game of alterations played on the English language game. To create the Pig Latin form of an English word the initial consonant sound is transposed to the end of the word and an ay is affixed (Ex.: "banana" would yield anana-bay). Read Wikipedia for more information on rules.Count Vowels – Enter a string and the program counts the number of vowels in the text. For added complexity have it report a sum of each vowel found.Check ...

You may want to take a look at Martyr2’s Mega Project List.These topics are divided into 10 different areas that he thinks the project may use the most. Keep in mind that a few of these projects could have been classified in more than one topic.String:Reverse a String – Enter a string and the program will reverse it and print it out.Pig Latin – Pig Latin is a game of alterations played on the English language game. To create the Pig Latin form of an English word the initial consonant sound is transposed to the end of the word and an ay is affixed (Ex.: "banana" would yield anana-bay). Read ...

This is probably a dumb question but I was wondering if the earth had a frequency. I would think with such a massive object there would be a certain background vibration from tectonic plates moving around.This lowest-frequency (and highest-intensity) mode of the Schumann resonance occurs at a frequency of approximately 7.83 Hz, but this frequency can vary slightly from a variety of factors, such as solar-induced perturbations to the ionosphere, which compresses the upper wall of the closed cavity.Description[edit]This global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. Schumann resonances occur because the space between the surface of the Earth and the conductive ionosphere acts as a closed waveguide. The limited dimensions of the Earth cause this waveguide to act as a resonant cavity for electromagnetic waves in the ELF band. The cavity is naturally excited by electric currents in lightning. Schumann resonances are the principal background in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum[2] from 3 Hz through 60 Hz,[3] and appear as distinct peaks at extremely low frequencies (ELF) around 7.83 Hz (fundamental),[4] 14.3, 20.8, 27.3 and 33.8 Hz.[5]In the normal mode descriptions of Schumann resonances, the fundamental mode is a standing wave in the Earth–ionosphere cavity with a wavelength equal to the circumference of the Earth. This lowest-frequency (and highest-intensity) mode of the Schumann resonance occurs at a frequency of approximately 7.83 Hz, but this frequency can vary slightly from a variety of factors, such as solar-induced perturbations to the ionosphere, which compresses the upper wall of the closed cavity.[citation needed] The higher resonance modes are spaced at approximately 6.5 Hz intervals,[citation needed] a characteristic attributed to the atmosphere's spherical geometry. The peaks exhibit a spectral width of approximately 20% on account of the damping of the respective modes in the dissipative cavity. The 8th partial lies at approximately 60 Hz.[citation needed]Observations of Schumann resonances have been used to track global lightning activity. Owing to the connection between lightning activity and the Earth's climate it has been suggested that they may also be used to monitor global temperature variations and variations of water vapor in the upper troposphere. It has been speculated that extraterrestrial lightning (on other planets) may also be detected and studied by means of their Schumann resonance signatures. Schumann resonances have been used to study the lower ionosphere on Earth and it has been suggested as one way to explore the lower ionosphere on celestial bodies. Effects on Schumann resonances have been reported following geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances. More recently, discrete Schumann resonance excitations have been linked to transient luminous events – sprites, ELVES, jets, and other upper-atmospheric lightning.[citation needed] A new field of interest using Schumann resonances is related to short-term earthquake prediction.[citation needed] Interest in Schumann resonances was renewed in 1993 when E. R. Williams showed a correlation between the resonance frequency and tropical air temperatures, suggesting the resonance could be used to monitor global warming.[6][7]History[edit]In 1893, George Francis FitzGerald noted that the upper layers of the atmosphere must be fairly good conductors. Assuming that the height of these layers is about 100 km above ground, he estimated that oscillations (in this case the lowest mode of the Schumann resonances) would have a period of 0.1 second.[8] Because of this contribution, it has been suggested to rename these resonances "Schumann–FitzGerald resonances".[9] However FitzGerald's findings were not widely known as they were only presented at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, followed by a brief mention in a column in Nature.Hence the first suggestion that an ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves, is attributed to Heaviside and Kennelly (1902).[10][11] It took another twenty years before Edward Appleton and Barnett in 1925[12] were able to prove experimentally the existence of the ionosphere.Although some of the most important mathematical tools for dealing with spherical waveguides were developed by G. N. Watson in 1918,[13] it was Winfried Otto Schumann who first studied the theoretical aspects of the global resonances of the earth–ionosphere waveguide system, known today as the Schumann resonances. In 1952–1954 Schumann, together with H. L. König, attempted to measure the resonant frequencies.[14][15][16][17] However, it was not until measurements made by Balser and Wagner in 1960–1963[18][19][20][21][22] that adequate analysis techniques were available to extract the resonance information from the background noise. Since then there has been an increasing interest in Schumann resonances in a wide variety of fields.Basic theory[edit]Lightning discharges are considered to be the primary natural source of Schumann resonance excitation; lightning channels behave like huge antennas that radiate electromagnetic energy at frequencies below about 100 kHz.[23] These signals are very weak at large distances from the lightning source, but the Earth–ionosphere waveguide behaves like a resonator at ELF frequencies and amplifies the spectral signals from lightning at the resonance frequencies.[23]In an ideal cavity, the resonant frequency of the n {\displaystyle n} n-th mode f n {\displaystyle f_{n}} f_{{n}} is determined by the Earth radius a {\displaystyle a} a and the speed of light c {\displaystyle c} c.[14]f n = c 2 π a n ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle f_{n}={\frac {c}{2\pi a}}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}} f_{{n}}={\frac {c}{2\pi a}}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}The real Earth–ionosphere waveguide is not a perfect electromagnetic resonant cavity. Losses due to finite ionosphere electrical conductivity lower the propagation speed of electromagnetic signals in the cavity, resulting in a resonance frequency that is lower than would be expected in an ideal case, and the observed peaks are wide. In addition, there are a number of horizontal asymmetries – day-night difference in the height of the ionosphere, latitudinal changes in the Earth's magnetic field, sudden ionospheric disturbances, polar cap absorption, variation in the Earth radius of ± 11 km from equator to geographic poles, etc. that produce other effects in the Schumann resonance power spectra.Measurements[edit]Today Schumann resonances are recorded at many separate research stations around the world. The sensors used to measure Schumann resonances typically consist of two horizontal magnetic inductive coils for measuring the north-south and east-west components of the magnetic field, and a vertical electric dipole antenna for measuring the vertical component of the electric field. A typical passband of the instruments is 3–100 Hz. The Schumann resonance electric field amplitude (~300 microvolts per meter) is much smaller than the static fair-weather electric field (~150 V/m) in the atmosphere. Similarly, the amplitude of the Schumann resonance magnetic field (~1 picotesla) is many orders of magnitude smaller than the Earth's magnetic field (~30–50 microteslas).[24] Specialized receivers and antennas are needed to detect and record Schumann resonances. The electric component is commonly measured with a ball antenna, suggested by Ogawa et al., in 1966,[25] connected to a high-impedance amplifier. The magnetic induction coils typically consist of tens- to hundreds-of-thousands of turns of wire wound around a core of very high magnetic permeability.Dependence on global lightning activity[edit]From the very beginning of Schumann resonance studies, it was known that they could be used to monitor global lightning activity. At any given time there are about 2000 thunderstorms around the globe.[26] Producing ~50 lightning events per second,[27] these thunderstorms are directly linked to the background Schumann resonance signal.Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem: in order to estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources and the wave propagation between the source and the observer. A common approach is to make a preliminary assumption on the spatial lightning distribution, based on the known properties of lightning climatology. An alternative approach is placing the receiver at the North or South Pole, which remain approximately equidistant from the main thunderstorm centers during the day.[28] One method not requiring preliminary assumptions on the lightning distribution[29] is based on the decomposition of the average background Schumann resonance spectra, utilizing ratios between the average electric and magnetic spectra and between their linear combination. This technique assumes the cavity is spherically symmetric and therefore does not include known cavity asymmetries that are believed to affect the resonance and propagation properties of electromagnetic waves in the system.Diurnal variations[edit]The best documented and the most debated features of the Schumann resonance phenomenon are the diurnal variations of the background Schumann resonance power spectrum.A characteristic Schumann resonance diurnal record reflects the properties of both global lightning activity and the state of the Earth–ionosphere cavity between the source region and the observer. The vertical electric field is independent of the direction of the source relative to the observer, and is therefore a measure of global lightning. The diurnal behavior of the vertical electric field shows three distinct maxima, associated with the three "hot spots" of planetary lightning activity: one at 9 UT (Universal Time) linked to the daily peak of thunderstorm activity from Southeast Asia; one at 14 UT linked to the peak of African lightning activity; and one at 20 UT linked to the peak of South American lightning activity. The time and amplitude of the peaks vary throughout the year, linked to seasonal changes in lightning activity."Chimney" ranking[edit]In general, the African peak is the strongest, reflecting the major contribution of the African "chimney" to global lightning activity. The ranking of the two other peaks – Asian and American – is the subject of a vigorous dispute among Schumann resonance scientists. Schumann resonance observations made from Europe show a greater contribution from Asia than from South America, while observations made from North America indicate the dominant contribution comes from South America.Williams and Sátori[30] suggest that in order to obtain "correct" Asia-America chimney ranking, it is necessary to remove the influence of the day/night variations in the ionospheric conductivity (day-night asymmetry influence) from the Schumann resonance records. The "corrected" records presented in the work by Sátori, et al.[31] show that even after the removal of the day-night asymmetry influence from Schumann resonance records, the Asian contribution remains greater than American.Similar results were obtained by Pechony et al.[32] who calculated Schumann resonance fields from satellite lightning data. It was assumed that the distribution of lightning in the satellite maps was a good proxy for Schumann excitations sources, even though satellite observations predominantly measure in-cloud lightning rather than the cloud-to-ground lightning that are the primary exciters of the resonances. Both simulations – those neglecting the day-night asymmetry, and those taking this asymmetry into account – showed the same Asia-America chimney ranking. On the other hand, some optical satellite and climatological lightning data suggest the South American thunderstorm center is stronger than the Asian center.[27]The reason for the disparity among rankings of Asian and American chimneys in Schumann resonance records remains unclear, and is the subject of further research.Influence of the day-night asymmetry[edit]In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source-receiver (lightning-observer) geometry.[18] It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper waveguide boundary) are needed to explain these variations.[33] Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day-night asymmetry (difference between day-side and night-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.[34]The interest in the influence of the day-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.[35] Sentman and Fraser developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height. Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. However, recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation.[36]Schumann resonance amplitude records show airSlate SignNow diurnal and seasonal variations which in general coincide in time with the times of the day-night transition (the terminator). This time-matching seems to support the suggestion of an airSlate SignNow influence of the day-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.[31] On the other hand, there are numerous days when Schumann Resonance amplitudes do not increase at sunrise or do not decrease at sunset. There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance amplitude records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations.[32][34] Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.[32][37]It is generally acknowledged that source-observer effects are the dominant source of the observed diurnal variations, but there remains considerable controversy about the degree to which day-night signatures are present in the data. Part of this controversy stems from the fact that the Schumann resonance parameters extractable from observations provide only a limited amount of information about the coupled lightning source-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure is therefore extremely underdetermined, leading to the possibility of non-unique interpretations."Inverse problem"[edit]One of the interesting problems in Schumann resonances studies is determining the lightning source characteristics (the "inverse problem"). Temporally resolving each individual flash is impossible because the mean rate of excitation by lightning, ~50 lightning events per second globally, mixes up the individual contributions together. However, occasionally extremely large lightning flashes occur which produce distinctive signatures that stand out from the background signals. Called "Q-bursts", they are produced by intense lightning strikes that transfer large amounts of charge from clouds to the ground and often carry high peak current.[25] Q-bursts can exceed the amplitude of the background signal level by a factor of 10 or more and appear with intervals of ~10 s,[29] which allows to consider them as isolated events and determine the source lightning location. The source location is determined with either multi-station or single-station techniques and requires assuming a model for the Earth–ionosphere cavity. The multi-station techniques are more accurate, but require more complicated and expensive facilities.Transient luminous events research[edit]It is now believed that many of the Schumann resonances transients (Q bursts) are related to the transient luminous events (TLEs). In 1995 Boccippio et al.[38] showed that sprites, the most common TLE, are produced by positive cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the stratiform region of a thunderstorm system, and are accompanied by Q-burst in the Schumann resonances band. Recent observations[38][39] reveal that occurrences of sprites and Q bursts are highly correlated and Schumann resonances data can possibly be used to estimate the global occurrence rate of sprites.[40]Global temperature[edit]Williams [1992][41] suggested that global temperature may be monitored with the Schumann resonances. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature.[41] The nonlinearity of the lightning-to-temperature relation provides a natural amplifier of the temperature changes and makes Schumann resonance a sensitive "thermometer". Moreover, the ice particles that are believed to participate in the electrification processes which result in a lightning discharge[42] have an important role in the radiative feedback effects that influence the atmosphere temperature. Schumann resonances may therefore help us to understand these feedback effects. In 2006 an airSlate SignNow was published linking Schumann resonance to global surface temperature[43] followed up with a 2009 study.[44]Upper tropospheric water vapor[edit]Tropospheric water vapor is a key element of the Earth’s climate, which has direct effects as a greenhouse gas, as well as indirect effect through interaction with clouds, aerosols and tropospheric chemistry. Upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) has a much greater impact on the greenhouse effect than water vapor in the lower atmosphere,[45] but whether this impact is a positive, or a negative feedback is still uncertain.[46] The main challenge in addressing this question is the difficulty in monitoring UTWV globally over long timescales. Continental deep-convective thunderstorms produce most of the lightning discharges on Earth. In addition, they transport large amount of water vapor into the upper troposphere, dominating the variations of global UTWV. Price [2000][47] suggested that changes in the UTWV can be derived from records of Schumann Resonances.On other planets and moons[edit]The existence of Schumann-like resonances is conditioned primarily by two factors:1.A closed, planetary-sized and approximately spherical cavity, consisting of conducting lower and upper boundaries separated by an insulating medium. For the earth the conducting lower boundary is its surface, and the upper boundary is the ionosphere. Other planets may have similar electrical conductivity geometry, so it is speculated that they should possess similar resonant behavior.2.A source of electrical excitation of electromagnetic waves in the ELF range.Within the Solar System there are five candidates for Schumann resonance detection besides the Earth: Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and its biggest moon Titan. Modeling Schumann resonances on the planets and moons of the Solar System is complicated by the lack of knowledge of the waveguide parameters. No in situ capability exists today to validate the results.Venus[edit]The strongest evidence for lightning on Venus comes from the impulsive electromagnetic waves detected by Venera 11 and 12 landers. Theoretical calculations of the Schumann resonances at Venus were reported by Nickolaenko and Rabinowicz [1982][48] and Pechony and Price [2004].[49] Both studies yielded very close results, indicating that Schumann resonances should be easily detectable on that planet given a lightning source of excitation and a suitably located sensor.Mars[edit]In the case of Mars there have been terrestrial observations of radio emission spectra that have been associated with Schumann resonances.[50] The reported radio emissions are not of the primary electromagnetic Schumann modes, but rather of secondary modulations of the nonthermal microwave emissions from the planet at approximately the expected Schumann frequencies, and have not been independently confirmed to be associated with lightning activity on Mars. There is the possibility that future lander missions could carry in situ instrumentation to perform the necessary measurements. Theoretical studies are primarily directed to parameterizing the problem for future planetary explorers.Detection of lightning activity on Mars has been reported by Ruf et al. [2009].[50] The evidence is indirect and in the form of modulations of the nonthermal microwave spectrum at approximately the expected Schumann resonance frequencies. It has not been independently confirmed that these are associated with electrical discharges on Mars. In the event confirmation is made by direct, in situ observations, it would verify the suggestion of the possibility of charge separation and lightning strokes in the Martian dust storms made by Eden and Vonnegut [1973][51] and Renno et al. [2003].[52] Martian global resonances were modeled by Sukhorukov [1991],[53] Pechony and Price [2004][49] and Molina-Cuberos et al. [2006].[54] The results of the three studies are somewhat different, but it seems that at least the first two Schumann resonance modes should be detectable. Evidence of the first three Schumann resonance modes is present in the spectra of radio emission from the lightning detected in Martian dust storms.[50]Titan[edit]It was long ago suggested that lightning discharges may occur on Titan,[55] but recent data from Cassini–Huygens seems to indicate that there is no lightning activity on this largest satellite of Saturn. Due to the recent interest in Titan, associated with the Cassini–Huygens mission, its ionosphere is perhaps the most thoroughly modeled today. Schumann resonances on Titan have received more attention than on any other celestial body, in works by Besser et al. [2002],[56] Morente et al. [2003],[57] Molina-Cuberos et al. [2004],[58] Nickolaenko et al. [2003][59] and Pechony and Price [2004].[49] It appears that only the first Schumann resonance mode might be detectable on Titan.Since the landing of the Huygens probe on Titan's surface in January 2005, there have been many reports on observations and theory of an atypical Schumann resonance on Titan. After several tens of fly-bys by Cassini, neither lightning nor thunderstorms were detected in Titan's atmosphere. Scientists therefore proposed another source of electrical excitation: induction of ionospheric currents by Saturn's co-rotating magnetosphere. All data and theoretical models comply with a Schumann resonance, the second eigenmode of which was observed by the Huygens probe. The most important result of this is the proof of existence of a buried liquid water-ammonia ocean under few tens of km the icy subsurface crust.[60][61][62][63]Jupiter and Saturn[edit]Lightning activity has been optically detected on Jupiter. Existence of lightning activity on that planet was predicted by Bar-Nun [1975][64] and it is now supported by data from Galileo, Voyagers 1 and 2, Pioneers 10 and 11 and Cassini. Saturn is also confirmed to have lightning activity.[65] Though three visiting spacecraft – Pioneer 11 in 1979, Voyager 1 in 1980 and Voyager 2 in 1981, failed to provide any convincing evidence from optical observations, in July 2012 the Cassini spacecraft detected visible lightning flashes, and electromagnetic sensors aboard the spacecraft detected signatures that are characteristic of lightning. Little is known about the electrical parameters of Jupiter and Saturn interior. Even the question of what should serve as the lower waveguide boundary is a non-trivial one in case of the gaseous planets. There seem to be no works dedicated to Schumann resonances on Saturn. To date there has been only one attempt to model Schumann resonances on Jupiter.[66] Here, the electrical conductivity profile within the gaseous atmosphere of Jupiter was calculated using methods similar to those used to model stellar interiors, and it was pointed out that the same methods could be easily extended to the other gas giants Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Given the intense lightning activity at Jupiter, the Schumann resonances should be easily detectable with a sensor suitably positioned within the planetary-ionospheric cavity.