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FAQs
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What is the most asked question on Quora (by the number of questions merged into it)?
As someone who writes mostly technology-related answers, I see the following question so much it makes me want to tear my hair out:“Can iCloud Activation Lock be Bypassed?”For those who don’t know, Apple devices that have an iCloud account active on them with Find My iPhone enabled will lock the device to that Apple ID even if it is restored to factory defaults. This is designed to prevent thievery, since stolen devices (typically iPhones) are useless without the Apple ID password they are locked with to unlock it. It is incredibly common for people to sell devices without removing the lock beforehand (likely because they don’t know it exists, or how to remove it) or because it is stolen. Either way, the lock cannot be bypassed without that password… but that doesn’t stop everyone and their mother from asking if it can be done as if the rules somehow don’t apply to them.Instead of viewing the answers on an existing question, or even asking new people to answer that existing question, they make a new one. Every. Single. Time. Quora is absolutely flooded with these questions, and I get A2A requests for them more than anything else.
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Is the Bengaluru traffic condition really on the alarming situation, or is it just a hype?
Bengaluru traffic condition is on the alarming situation, Yes, but only in 1/4th of bangalore. Other 3/4th of Bengaluru is pretty much okay. When I say okay, it’s not that traffic is less, but the traffic is predictable and people with knowledge of local routes can beat it as well. Whatever you hear and see on the internet about Bengaluru traffic comes from the IT corridor living/working people, because these people belong to that 1/4th of Bengaluru which is developed in a lopsided way. Along with that the same people are the decent earning as well, which makes them use their personal vehicles more than any other group in Bengaluru.A simple google map screenshot can show you, the geographical problems for the 1/4th of Bengaluru suffering this emergency condition. If Bengaluru is divided into square boxes of parts, the major traffic issues are in these boxes.Also only the major main roads have lot of bottleneck, internal roads are generally free, because every one tries to go via the main road and ignore sub roads. Because most of them are unaware of the sub roads, or the sub roads are too narrow for 4 wheelers. The main reasons for emergency situation of traffic in these boxes are:HAL airport, Bellandur lake cover, Defence land cover half of the bottom most box and 1/4th of the other marked boxes not allowing any of the parallel road development. There are only 3 major roads for an abundant office going population. i.e ORR, HAL airport road and Sarjapur road. No escape.Making these roads signal free till the choke point i.e Silk Board, K R Puram and Iblur junction are 3 bottlenecks because rest of the areas are signal free, causing all traffic to come and stop at single location.During development of the areas, the original villages have their decadal structures all the same. So no sub roads. Example: Bellandur village still has the decade old gully roads where no cars can go. Same for marathahalli, and neighbouring villages.More private vehicle owners than any other part of Bengaluru signNow here.Lack of good representation of vote banks. These ares marked are recently populated, with majority of them not being part of Karnataka local vote bank. Most are migrants who do not want to change their electoral location, or unwilling to participate in local bodies. For many of the issues, personally I have raised complaints, although I am living in Basavanagudi.Apathy of officials to build PRR. Nice ring road has been boon for South West and North West Bengaluru, reducing large goods vehicles entering the city. But the PRR has been forever delayed.The IT park owners either do not care for the traffic, or tied up. As answered here Ratnakar Srivastava's answer to Is the Bengaluru traffic condition really on the alarming situation, or is it just a hype?, there should have been a parallel road for ORR behind IT parks, which is still possible. But I don’t see any of them coming forward. If these IT parks and infrastructure development people come together, nothing stops them from building it.Lack of proper bus stops ensures, that the already messy traffic is choked further. And private buses rub salt to the wound.No skywalks making people to cross the road at unmanned locations. 1 man crossing the road can cause stopping of vehicles for half a kilometre.No parking spaces and ineffective use of service roads. Traffic police personnel to monitor are very scarce.Some people who want to add to the chaos, by driving opposite in one way roads, turning randomly from left most lane to right most. Basically lack of civic sense.Existing main roads not evenly lined. Some locations have wider lane spaces and some end up being just 2.5 laned on 3 lane road.Corruption and greed of officers and local land owners. There are homes where the roads should have been present. Local land owners have occupied those spaces illegally either by bribe or the BBMP doesn’t even know that it’s occupied.Lack of smarter traffic signals. I have seen that the Silk board, K R puram traffic signals are poorly maintained. Sometimes when 1 side is totally free, that side itself is allowed for more than 90 seconds, the other blocked side is given only 30.How do we solve this problem? Is it unsolvable? The issue will only worsen during development of Metro in the ORR. But the effect can be reduced to a manageable extent without any major costCivic sense can reduce the traffic issues. This one’s harder though since everyone driving must be made aware.Removal of unnecessary speed breakers, moving trees and transformers where the road is reduced to 2.5 lanes, and service road to 1 lane. - Doesn’t really need much cost, compared to building elevated roadsSkywalks, and intermediate smart traffic signals to adjust the flow of traffic.Train BMTC and Private buses to stop only at bus stops designed, not where people are crowded or want to deboard.Just add more traffic personnel during peak hours.The above solutions are not going to solve/remove the traffic issues, but can reduce it to a threshold bearable level.The remaining 3/4th of Bengaluru has traffic issues only in parts and not really in an emergency situation. These areas although older and centrally located, but have many parallel roads, better designed, more middle class population who don’t travel too much in private cars. Also these areas have better electoral representation, making them get more attention than the outer lying areas.The above answer is by personally observing the traffic across areas, by travelling multiple times via different different possible routes of Bengaluru and also by google maps and uber movement.
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Was Pakistan ever better than India?
Invariably yes.India was literally an economic shit hole until early 2000’s. Many set 1991 as the cut off year for segregating a developing India from the past. But then India could not literally grow the bite behind its bark until 2000’s.India did not open up its markets as enthusiastically as many people claim. The ground reality was quite different. Tax regime was super shitty. duties were prohibitively high. Legally doing your business was equivalent to drowning yourself in water.On the other hand, Pakistan aced the development agenda in the 1960’s itself. It was quite an achievement for a post-colonial country. From a modern day perspective, Pakistan was today’s equivalent of South Korea and India, North Korea.But tables did turn around.Putting aside the fact that Pakistan fought three wars with India in four decades, in core economic terms, Pakistan started making the same mistakes India did.By 1974, Pakistan took to the illogical nationalisation spree, the same blunder India made. It literally signed the death warrant for manufacturing sector. It was a step backwards because with manufacturing in limbo, the country had to work backwards relying on output generated from agricultural sector. And of course, service sector did not see any growth whatsoever.Another mistake Pakistan did is by not properly regulating the agricultural sector. Where agriculture is the growth driver and inflation (coming from the same sector) is going beyond growth rates, it means something is fishy with the landlord class. Pakistan did not bring about any land reforms when it needed the most. The result - high income inequalities.Those politicians of Pakistan today who graciously wave their hands at people and give out fiery speeches, and make policies, they can do so because they have lands inherited from generations, with literally nothing to lose. Others had little opportunity in building the country and economy.Staring with 1980’s, Inflation shot up, growth nose dived - the golden spot for stagflation.Those who got rich with the growing commodity prices stuck to their lands. Fragmented land holders and middle classes had no employment, no jobs, since no private enterprise was given an opportunity. The next suicide recipe was ready.Then came the islamisation project to the ‘rescue’ of unemployed idle-dwellers, and the Afghanistan war.To add to the injury, growth was stuck, inflation grew - with an average stagflation margin of 5 percent every year sustained over a period of a decade and a half, starting 1980. Imagine the damage it could have done to Pakistan’s economy and industry. The landlords were the big winners in that decade. Nationalisation of industries and inflation - both benefitted them big time.Even before it full got out of the stagflation mess, the priority in Pakistan was invest resources in nuclear weapons, followed by a war with India, and sanctions. Imagine how hammered Pakistan’s economy could be by now.If one has to look at the economic barometer for Pakistan’s industry, not a single company from Pakistan has actually made it to the fortune 500 listing as things stand today. But the same country started off with a potential similar to South Korea’s.No CPEC, no Silk Road, no external funding can come to its rescue unless the human resource policy is absolutely revamped, local industries are provided sufficient electricity and lesser interference of the government overall in the private sector.The CPEC, again, is a death warrant Pakistan signed up for in haste, unbeknownst, or rather myopic of the policy repercussions. CPEC is, by all means, a debt obligation after all.Unless a miracle falls over Pakistan, recovery is impossible the two coming decades.Capeesh?
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Why is India not holding a plebiscite in Kashmir?
India is not afraid to hold plebiscite in Kashmir.The premise of the question is wrong Kashmir has no right on plebisciteit was and is an offer which was made to entire state of Jammu and Kashmir as it existed on and before 22 nd October 1947, the day Pakistan invaded independent and soveirgn state of Jammu and Kashmir recognised by Pakistan by signing a STANDSTILL agreement with the Maharaja of the state.I have ANALYSED many discussion on the issue (which are available on YouTube ) involving Pakistani commentators and Kashmiri sympathisers arguing very passionately on the demand of Plebiscite and squarely blaming India and describe the Pakistani sponsored terrorism as freedom struggle .I am always surprised by the lies propagated and partial explanation of UN resolution despite being aware that original documents are available on UNSC and UN website and can be downloaded by any one free of cost and their LIES will be exposed.The lies and untruths taught to generations of Pakistani students were exposed by Prof. KK Aziz in his book murder of history.Some truths which are not taught or discussed in Pakistan and ignored by Kashmiri separatist (despite being aware of Truth) in their enthusiasm to be on the right side of their masters in Pakistan are:A. The division of India into Muslim majority Pakistan and India under India independence act was applicable to BRITISH INDIA. Not to principalities.B. State of J & K was a principality where india independence act was not applicable.C. Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan signed STANDSTILL agreement recognising independent and soveirgn state of J & K.D. Pakistan under command of Brig. Akbar Khan invaded independent & soveirgn state of J&K on 22nd Oct 1947.E. The above fact was confirmed and is on record by PM of Pakistan Liaqat Ali Khan in Feb 1948 in front of UN fact finding mission when it visited Karachi .F. As per India independence act the soveirgn had right to decide on accession to either domain but if the soveirgn belonged to community different from majority community of state the final decesion on accession was taken after conducting Plebiscite in state .G. The maharaja signed accession document to India on 26 October 1947 in Srinagar.H. India airlifted its forces to Srinagar on 27 October 1947.H. The UN resolutions clearly said :1. Pakistan is aggressor in state.2. Issue is between State of J & K and India.3. Pakistan has to vacate all occupied territory in state and handover the vacated territory to India.4. India has to remove all its forces leaving aside enough to maintain law & order.5.. India to conduct plebiscite in state.I. Pakistan asked for time to vacate its occupation but it never complied .J. As 1/3 state of J& K was under occupation of Pakistan and this was taken as noncompliance of conditions leading to plebiscite, hence India could never conduct plebiscite in state of J & K.K. The state is defined as it existed on or before invasion of Pakistan on 22 nd October 1947. And includes present territory of POK, GIlgit, Baltistan , Jammu, Laddhak and Kashmir valley.Reference :A. Raiders in Kashmir by Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan.B. Murder of history by K K Aziz.C. UNSC resolutionsD. Soldiering with Dignity - a biography of FM Sam ManekshawE. Freedom at midnight by Dominique Lappaire and Larry Collins F. YouTube channel of KNPG. Dr. Shabbir Chodhry , Taraq Fateh, Hassan Nissar, Najam Sethi , Dr. Christine Fair, stephen. Cohen, Hussain Haqqani and many more.H. Various Pakistani news channels .ADDENDUM:I have seen many replies on this answer many of them have been down voted and in some my replies have been termed as insensitive and not understanding a Kashmiri view point , issues like AFSPA and human rights violation by security forces have been brought in which has compelled me to write this addendum . I would like to place few facts on records :A. Historically The issue of state of. J & K has been confirmed in international forum as LEGAL issue between India and State of J & K.B. This question of legality has its origin in the India Independence act where the decesion to merge with either India or Pakistan was given to Soveirgn of the state but if he belonged to different relegion than majority of population of state this accession was considered as PROVISIONAL and need to be confirmed by a PLEBISCITE in the state.C. Again. It was in India Independence act that it was duty of dominion to which the state merged to get the PLEBISCITE conducted.D. There was no third party or independent or international agencies role in the conduct of PLEBISCITE.E. What happened in the state in 1947-48 has been explained in above answer.F. It is a fact on records that after the UNSC resolution was passed PAKISTAN asked for time to vacate the occupied territory.G. It is also a fact that in 1950 A DIXON plan was mooted which said the territory occupied by India to remain with India and territory occupied by Pakistan to remain in Pakistan and PLEBISCITE to be conducted only in KASHMIR valley .H. As nothing was moving and Pakistan had no intention to vacate its occupation India started discussion on Completion of merger of India occupied territory Into Indian Union.I. This discussion resulted in article 370 of induan constitution.J. Under article 370 a constituent assembly was elected in the state in 1951 to finalise its constitution .K. This constituent assembly passed a unanimous resolution in 1955 confirming the merger of State of Jammu and Kashmir with India.L. There was always a silent minority in State which wished to merge with Pakistan.M. But presence and popularity of leaders like sheikh abdullah always deterd them to come out in open.N. Pakistan has always tried to to create and encourage separation in Kashmiri leadership.O. The separatist leadership has failed to venture beyond Kashmir valley .P. This leadership has forgotten that there is big Muslim majority in dustricts like Kargil, DODA, POONCH etc.Q. Just understand the progress of separatist movement from talking about entire state of J & K to only talk about Kashmir Valley.R. No militants, separatist, independence lover now talks about The entire state all only talk about Valley.S. Legally they have no case as the dispute is between state of J & K and union of India and valley is just a small part of it.T. They do not talk About POK or Gilgit or Baltistan and their status under India independence act and UN SC resolution.U. If you listen carefully the present discourse by separatist has an undertone of idea that " Muslims cannot live as minority under a Hindu majority " and as valley is now 98% Muslim it has right to ask for accession"V. And the discourse is emotional catering to the lowest possible denominator but it has no LEGAL or HISTORICAL validity.W. Thee separatist leadership has copied the Palestenian protests and now days we see young boys on street pelting stones on slightest instigation the latest being in support of Zakir Naik.X. The separatist leadership just like in Palestine in an effort to wean spotlight away from their insecurities and failure and incompetence has brainwashed a generation of youth on false promise of UMMAH, Independence, Etc. Which have no legal standing and no chance of achieving ever.Y. I would like any Kashmiri to explain what Zakir Naik, Salafi or WAHABI system has in common with Kashmiriyat which ihas been exploited to the hilt.Z. Will the adherence RISHI order and the great saints remain in Kashmir or in their enthusiasm to their narrow political goal they are ready to kill Kashmir as it existed since centuries.AA. It is my opinion that Indian state has accommodated kasmiri dissident fir long and it is time for some plain speak and articulating the legal positions very clearly.AB. Regarding AFSPA and human rights these separatist call their struggle JIHAD and in every language of the world JIHAD means WAR and a WAR is fought to win and nobody has human rights when in war.AC. And ever side uses its best mind and tactics to win a war so nobody should grumble on AFSPA or human rights of terrorist or collateral damage if any from both the sides.AD. And a question to separatist , independence supporters their supporters in India academia, NGO if it is JIHAD then fight FAIR and SQUARE and accept the results even defeat gracefully .AE.Kindly do not hide behind Nivedita Menins, Arundhati Roys and other leftists of this world as they will ditch you as soon as they have another cause.
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What are the best ways to lose weight?
Here’s my story of how I lost 85lb (38kg) in a span of 4 months. … … The most overweight I have ever been, and will ever be: March 2013 * Age 17 * Weight: 225 lbs (102 kg) * Height: 5′9 (175 cm) * Waist: 40 inch (100 cm) * Shirt: Size XL - XXL … … The skinniest I have ever been: July 2013 * Age 18 (my birthday is in June) * Weight: 140 lbs (63 kg) * Body Fat: 9%-10% * Height: 5′10 (178 cm) * Waist: 28 inch (71 cm) * Shirt: Size XS … … Here I am today (well, technically yesterday): * Age 22 * Weight: 160 lb (72 kg) * Body Fat: 12–14% Body Fat * Height: 5′10 (178 cm) * Waist: 30 inch (76 cm) * Shirt: Size S … … … In order to start losing weight, you must first analyze yourself. Ask yourself these oblique, presumptuous questions: Why am I at this undesirable weight? What is the rationale behind your body figure at the very moment? Having been brought up in Southern California of the United States, there were many aspects that contributed to obesity: * Unhealthy food: sugary, deep fried, processed, GMO, etc. * The amount of food available in the country. A wise gentleman once riddled me: “What is the hardest thing to do in this society? To starve to death.” * The humongous portion of food and soda. * The lack of walking. I’ve witnessed people getting into their cars, then park towards a store within a few steps away… in the same plaza complex. But personally, I was a child of divorced parents. I lived with my mom, whom does not know how to cook. She would always eat out and brought me back home take-out food. Neither was she actively present throughout my childhood, which in turn led me to overeat further to fill the void. There may be a lot more contributing factors, but those were probably the more prominent ones. Short answer: Society norms + an unhealthy diet + depression … … … Me before the divorce: … … … Me after the divorce (I apologize for the Jaden Smith face): … … Why do I want to lose weight? Set a goal for yourself. What will motivate you to transform? To get more dates, to be healthy, to fit in your clothes, to be the envy of your peers, whatever it shall be. For me, I wanted to change myself when I turned 18 (adulthood). To see what I was missing out on in life. At age 17 — * I hated walking, don’t get me started on running. * I’ve never had a girlfriend. * I don’t (can’t) play any sports. * I’ve never finished a “mile run” (1.7 km) under 15 minutes during P.E. … %3E “Besides good grades and close friends, life was so limited” “If I’m fat when I’m a kid, it’s my parents’ fault. If I’m fat when I become an adult, it will be my own fault” Those were some of the trending thoughts that lingered. … Short answer: Change. … … … Once you have established that — here is my story. The first enlightenment to my preadolescence mind about losing weight was that — we as humans, technically do not need to eat for a long period of time, while hydration still remains utterly crucial. Human beings, on average, can withstand 30 days of starvation. 7 days without water. That knowledge, unfortunately, stemmed from a Holocaust documentation in World History class. Nonetheless, it still holds legitimacy. … … When the dieting process began, I have already taken the initiative and Google’d everything there is to know about nutrition and how it can be beneficial to my process. Some nifty facts that I grasped: 1. Carbohydrate will turn to sugar (energy). Sugar then turns to fat when your body does not utilize it (through exercising). 2. Your body fuels on fat before it fuels on muscle. 3. When you are “hungry”, oftentimes you are just “thirsty”. 4. Protein is only substantial to muscle growth and reparation, not your well-being. 5. Healthy fats makes you healthy, but it will still make you fat. 6. 3500 calories = 1 lb (7000 calories = 1 kg) 7. Your body burns 2000 calories everyday (on average) Among some other things. … … … So what did I do? * I read the Nutrition Table of every thing I consumed. I memorized the fat, carbohydrates (sugar, fiber), and calories of just about anything. * I downloaded an application on my phone to track my calories. I input EVERYTHING I consumed, the second I finish it (If it has more than 5 calories). Even down to each individual carrot at the school cafeteria. * I cut off all forms of fat and carbohydrates. Even the healthy ones. My diet then predominantly consisted of vegetables, water, and tea. * Whenever I was hungry, I drank water. * I ran every single day. 15 minutes the first few days, 30 minutes the first few weeks, then eventually an hour. Some days even 2 hours. * I did not have a “rest day” throughout the whole process. On average: * I drank 2 L to 5 L of water. * I consumed 0 to 500 calories. * I burned -500 to -1500 calories at the gym. Every. Single. Day. In the ultimate sense, I burned about half a pound (1/4 kg) every day. … … … The diet strive became an addiction. Not once in my life would it occur to me that anorexia, would evidently manifest as a threat. There was a period where I started experimented on myself. I was starving myself to see what would occur, out of curiosity. In case I was stranded on a deserted island of some sort, you know, radical teenager ideas I made it through 7 days consecutively, consuming only water, tea, black coffee, and oxygen. … I arrived at 140 lbs and I did not know how to proceed. For the very first time, it became too laborious for me to lose weight. So I shifted my goal, to build muscles instead. To do so, I needed more protein. So I started adding seafood to my diet. Fish, squid, octopus, shrimp, and the likes. Most of which were high in protein, low in calories, and very little to no fat. Let’s have a comparison between a Cod fish fillet with a Steak, with roughly the same serving size. Sure, meat has a lot of protein, but look at how much Fat it has! You need the protein for muscle. But with that much fat included in the ratio, it’s extremely counter-productive. Anyways, so that’s what I sticked with for 3 consecutive years. Seafood and vegetables. Then eventually carbohydrates (with high fiber) and fruits, since lifting weights became too weary. … … To this day, eating unhealthy food is no longer a treat once-in-awhile, it becomes a burden. My body has developed an intolerance to unhealthy food. %3E People: "Come on man, just have some of these chips." Me: "But I don't even like them anymore" People: "Are you on a diet? Are you watching your figure? It must suck to be on a diet, you can't eat what you want to eat anymore" *stuffs their face with a Big Mac" Me: "Not even the slightest. I'm as content as your love for that cardio-arrest-on-a-sesame-seed-bun." I was less attracted by the smell and taste of food, and more engaged in the overall response it brought to my body. How it made me feel preceding digestion. How it boosted my performances in demanding activities. Light yet vigorous, energetic yet tranquil. To me, food has become a life necessity, not a self-indulged pleasure anymore. … … … My dieting journey might sound a tad extreme to some of you, and I agree completely. I actually do not recommend this diet at all. Was it difficult? Yes, but only the first primary weeks, it made me feel light-headed throughout the day. But once my body has acclimatized to the work-out demand and my stomach shriveled up to the crumb-sized supply that I provided it for daily; I felt lively, like never before. The dieting process was no longer a struggle, it became a lifestyle. Was it dangerous? I don’t know. I fainted once when I was sitting on the toilet. It was 4 months after the diet, when I started to eat more to build muscles. I passed out for half an hour. My stomach was probably too overwhelmed with the newfound portion of food. Were there any side effects? Just a heap load of excess skins and stretch marks. Right beneath my abdomen, arms, back, legs, practically everywhere. It’s been 4 years and it has not gone away yet. … … … Paraphrasing up my anecdote to be easily absorbed — this is the fastest, safest, and most efficient way to lose weight: 1. Have a goal set in your mind. Especially if that goal is for yourself, not for other people. Let’s say for example — You’re pursuing to get with someone… well if that person ends up being with somebody else, the likelihood of you surrendering is basically guaranteed. 2. Don’t take “cheat days”. You will feel less inclined and less committed to pursue your itinerary goal. 3. Having a clear and strong mindset is the key. Do not succumb to temptation. Turn your diet into a lifestyle choice, instead of a brief torture. 4. Learn to read the nutrition label. Get used to understanding everything that you are consuming. Learn how to cook as well, to accommodate your progress. 5. Stray away from food with saturated oil, processed sugar, and fiber-less carbohydrates. It might be a struggle initially, not being able to eat what you “like to eat”. But eventually your mind will evolve overtime to adapt to a new preference. 6. Drink lots of water and/or unsweetened tea, at least 2 L every day. Sometimes when you feel hungry, you’re actually just dehydrated. 7. Do cardio at least half an hour every day. Don’t bother with lifting weights until you have at least a small amount of muscle mass. When you lift weights with more than 40%+ body fat, the muscle won’t be visible anyway. You will end up looking even more overweight. 8. Scale yourself every morning when you wake up. This is not to see how much you weigh, but to see your progress. Witnessing your progress will boost your self-esteem instantaneously, and motivates you to advance. The reason for doing it in the morning is to subtract your water weight— pee first though. 9. Keep track of your calorie intakes. This serves two purposes: 1. To know the content of what you are eating. 2. To keep track of what you are eating throughout the day. 10. Chew your food thoroughly. If you swallow your food too fast, you will eat more. Try chewing gums often as well, to mimic the brain stimulation of eating. “Masticating” - Jake Harper 11. Keep your mind sober and conscious. I noticed that I tend to overeat, more than usual, when I’m lacking sleep or drink alcohol. It’s probably my mind trying to keep itself alive but not knowing how, so my brain unconsciously send signals to tell me to eat. … … … End.
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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How do I choose a web hosting service?
"Great hosting boils down to the 3 S's: speed, support and security,"I am using VEESP , and it has all the three characteristics.First choose between shared hosting and VPS hosting!The main problem of shared hosting is that on one physical server can be located hundreds of websites. Theoretical each site must successfully cope with several thousand users per day, nevertheless, in practice everything often goes sideways.However, if you lease a virtual private server, this isn't a problem for you anymore. You have a certain amount of hardware resources at your disposal that none else can use. Therefore, even at peak times your site will work stably, and during the slow periods no other application would be able to occupy the RAM or CPU time. In addition, the cost of hosting a website on a virtual private server, only slightly higher than the cost of a shared hosting solution, and you get a lot more resources at your disposal and absolutely full control over your own server - implement any, even the most complex projects, install any applications, change and customize any settings.Website On A Virtual Private Server - It Is Easy!Why VEESP?Speed - Blazing fast servers with zero down timeSupport - 24*7 friendly supportStability - Cloud built on the modern infrastructure of their own data center.Risk Reduction - No need to buy expensive equipment and hire experts to create a project from scratch.Scalability - Automatic scaling of available server capacity, depending on your project workload.Single Service Provider - One contract for all services, single provider, single technical support.Firewall And Load Balancer Personal firewall and load balancerPrivate Network To isolate and connect all parts of the infrastructureContent Management System Deploy required CMS automaticly with one click in a few seconds. Manage your business easily from the convenient control panel without the need to configure the server and hire technical specialist.MagentoOne of the most popular e-commerce CMS in the world, comes in free and paid editions.OpenCartDesigned feature rich, easy to use, search engine friendly and with a visually appealing interface.1C-BitrixPopular CMS in Russia, with a variety of licensing options, depending on the desired functionality.NetworkOne of the the most important elements of «Veesp» data center is network infrastructure. Built on the Brocade and Cisco equipment, it has more than 30 points of presence (PoP) worldwide* and its core throughput capacity signNowes 1.6 Tbit/s.The network core is built on two modular third level switches - Brocade BigIron RX-16. Using Brocade Multi-Chassis Trunk Technology (MCT), both switches work as a solid unit, which allows achieving an increased resiliency and bandwidth. The role of border routers is performed by a pair of Brocade MLXe-4, also connected with the help of MCT technology. Such architecture provides the level of network resources accessibility of at least 99.99%.The IDS/IPS system is based on Suricata project which is running on several FreeBSD systems and allow them to detect and prevent invasions. For our most exacting customers they propose a solution from Palo Alto - the leading provider of network security products.An integrated approach to data center design, qualified staff and modern equipment allow them to guarantee high quality services and provide perfect security for our clients against any possible malfunctions and failures.FirewallDue to security reasons they block some ports and IP addresses/subnets.Ports blocked: 19, 111, 1900.Buy Web Hosting with only 4$ per month
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What are the instructions for someone traveling in a domestic flight for the first time in India?
Flying for the first time could be very exciting !Here are some tips to help one making his/her first flight experience good.signNow airport at-the-least 90 mins prior to boarding time as this is your first time. You don't need the stress. Airlines are very strict about their boarding time.The points mentioned below are more suited for domestic flights.At the airport:Procedure that is followed at most of the airports in India:1. Show your ticket copy / sms to the security guard at the terminal entrance along with one photo identity proof in original.2. Once you enter the terminal, go to your respective airline counter to get the boarding pass and to checkin luggage. Show your ticket copy at the counter. Make sure your total luggage weight is in the limits, otherwise be ready to pay extra for additional kilos.Once you get your boarding pass, confirm the gate number which is written in your boarding pass. Get some baggage tags from the counter for your cabin (hand) luggage. Put them right away in your hand baggage.3. Once you get the boarding pass and have given all your luggage (except hand baggages) for checkin, you can now proceed for security check. Follow directions at the airport to signNow the security check spot for your gate.4. Once you signNow the security check, empty your pockets (except the boarding pass) and keep everything in your hand baggage. Laptops needs to be kept separately from its backpack. Trays will be provided to keep your belongings. A security personnel will scan your body and put a seal of security check on your boarding pass. Similarly, your hand baggage + tray + laptop will go through scanning system monitored by security personnel. Once that is through, security personnel will put a seal on the tag present on your hand baggage as well.5. Now the security check is done. Make sure that your hand baggages have security seal on them. You can now proceed to the respective gate. Follow the directions at the airport to signNow the right gate.6. At the right flight time, gates will be opened. Airline executives will scan your boarding pass and allot you a seat (for people not familiar with web checkin). A bus would take you from the gate to the area where aircraft is placed.7. Once signNowed at the aircraft, congratulations, you can now board the flight.Misc points:a. Food items are bit costly inside the airport as compared to outside. Bring your own sandwich, fruit or snack. However, drinking water is free everywhere even in the flight. You can consider taking an empty bottle with you ;)b. You can enjoy free wifi at the airport. You are at an advantage of you have a dual sim phone ;).c. Express checkin counters are available if you are a privileged member of the airline.d. Listen to all the announcements made at the airport. It may happen that gate numbers are changed at the last moment. So audiophiles out there, keep your headphones volume low ;).e. There are smoking rooms available at the airports. You may find beer shops as well.f. For the senior citizens or specially abled, wheel chair services are provided free of cost. This will come along with an escort to help one do all the formalities at every stage of the journey. You will need to book the wheelchair in >1 day in advance.g. Knives, scissors, cutters or any such kind of sharp item must be kept in the checkin luggage. Otherwise, you will be forced to throw them away during hand baggage security check.h. If the weight of your checkin luggage is greater than the specified limit by few kilos, take some clothes out and put on yourself. No one will question that :). I have done this myself when they asked me to give 3000 Rs for 3kgs of extra weight (International flight). Dont forget to take picture of yours when you do this :)Another way is to contact someone in your queue, travelling in the same plane and having the same destination to get it through for you.If any suspicious item is found by security, you can do three things:Put that item in your checkin luggage. In this case, security will cancel your boarding pass. you have to go back at the airline counter. Ask for checkin of that item along with your existing checked in luggage. They will issue new boarding pass and you have to again go through the security check. Make sure you have time to do this and sufficient kilos left in your checkin luggage limit.Or, Put that item in lost and found. If you dont want to carry that item, you can put that in lost and found. And then you can tell your relative/friend to collect that item later on from Airport.Or, Put that item in the dustbin. Simple.i. Dont weigh hand baggages (or cabin luggage) unless asked by them. That means dont overfill your cabin luggage and make it look like a light item ;).j. Heard of ‘free airport lounge access with XYZ credit/debit card’ before? This is the time to try that if your flight is delayed or you have signNowed early. Some lounges (esp. in Bangalore) provide good unlimited free food ;).In the flight1. Listen to all the announcements mentioned in the flight very carefully. Those are for your safety only.2. Keep your mobile phones in airplane mode or switched off mode when asked to do so. This help pilots in their work as mobile waves create hindrance in communication.3. During daytime and if you have got window seat, enjoy the scenic beauty. Otherwise, take a nap or listen to music or talk to your neighbor. Just enjoy the flight :)4. During the flight, you may feel bit of pain in your ears. That is temporary and is because of pressure difference created in the ear internals. Swallow regularly to minify the pain.Also, depending on weather conditions you may feel some turbulence in the aircraft. Dont worry, its normal :).Be nice with the air hostesses. If you need anything, press the button provided just above your seat.5. During landing, you may feel bit of jerk. Thats normal as the plane is reducing its speed. Listen to the announcement as it will be told that from which conveyor belt you can collect your checkin luggage.Misc points:a. You are not allowed to keep or have any alcohol or smoking stuff inside the flight. Airlines executives are very strict about this and if found before take off, they will throw you out.After landing1. Once the plane has landed, a bus then will take you to the arrival terminal. Follow directions at the airport to signNow the conveyor belt to collect your checkin luggage. And yeah, don't forget to switch on your mobile phones :)2. You can now go out of the airport. Congratulations, your first airplane journey is complete ! :)Misc points:a. For the salaried, keep your boarding pass safe if you are interested in claiming LTA (Leave Travel Allowance) :).b. If you are really late at airport, don't hesitate to jump the queues. Take help from security personnel or airline staff immediately. They will help you in most cases.If you have a connecting flight (place A → B → C):Always choose connecting flights of the same airline (i.e. both flights in Indigo or both in Jet Airways for example.) Doing this will give you two advantages. You wont need to collect the checked in luggage when you complete A->B. The airline staff will take care of this. And in case your A->B gets delayed, and the layover time is very less, there are high chances that the airline will wait for you (and many others) who were to board B->C.Now in connecting flights, there are two possibilities:a. When the aircraft is same: You will not need to change the aircraft when you are at B. A security person will come inside the aircraft and check your boarding pass for B->C. b. When aircraft is different:You will have to getoff of this aircraft and follow the directions “domestic transfers” to signNow the gate number of your journey from B->C. When you do this, you will have undergo full security screening again. It may happen that because of the delay in A->B flight, you get very little layover time at B. You ran crazily and just managed to onboard flight B->C. But your checked in luggage in aircraft 1 could not be transferred to aircraft 2. Dont worry. Airline staff will let you know about this and it is their responsibility to make your luggage available to you. The staff will ask you to fill a form with all details like look and make of your luggage and its contents. They will ship your luggage to your address of stay at C. You will not have to pay anything. Also, in cases like this, you are entitled to buy goods you need to survive and stay when you are without your luggage at C. Example: cosmetics, under garments, clothing etc. Their is an upper limit to this expense (I think 10K INR. Check the terms once). You will need to submit the bill of the expense made to the airline and in due course you will get your refund.Hope this was useful!Cheers.Bonus tip: book cabs little outside from airport to save atleast hundred bucks. Try this at Mumbai domestic airport.
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